Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Distortion of doctor-patient communication often leads to high misdiagnosis rate and conflict. How to scientifically and effectively carry out risk communication between doctors and patients? This is a hot spot in recent years, such as "Nature", "Science" and other journals and it is also an important issue that our country needs to overcome urgently. Two types of risk theories have been proposed to explain this. Among them, the concrete representational of risk communication believes that risk information is difficult to understand, and if the risk information is concreted, risk communication distortion can be reduced; the abstract representational of risk communication believes that abstract risk information is convenient for transmission, if risk information is abstracted, risk communication distortion can be reduced. These two contradictory risk concepts are difficult to provide accurate solutions for clinical doctor-patient communication, and it is also difficult to explain why sometimes the risk concretization is better, and sometimes the risk abstraction is better. Based on construct level theory, we proposed a mixed model of event experience and probability experience by matching doctor-patient role and information, to reconcile contradictions and provide countermeasures. Specifically, in the event experience of the disease, doctors provide advice to others, and the event is less attractive to them, so doctors have a farther psychological distance from the disease, and are better at representing abstract risk information. When faced with concrete risk information, risk perception bias is large. Patients make decisions for themselves, and the event is more attractive to them, so patients have a closer psychological distance from the disease, and are better at representing concrete risk information. When faced with abstract risk information, the risk perception bias is large; In terms of the probability experience of disease information, doctors have rich experience in diagnosis and are more sensitive to experiential probability information. Therefore, doctors have a closer psychological distance with disease information, and are more inclined to make decisions based on experience, which are easy to underestimate small probability events. Patients lack experience in diagnosis and are insensitive to descriptive probability information. Therefore, patients have a farther psychological distance from disease information, and are more inclined to make decisions based on description, which are easy to overestimate high-probability events. In conclusion, in the risk communication between doctors and patients, the "matching" of roles and information can promote the accurate perception of risk information by doctors and patients, that is, communicating abstract representational risk with doctors and communicating concrete representational risk with patients, which can reduce the risk distortion. In real life, the process of doctor-patient risk communication is complex, and further research is needed in the future: 1) The impact of individual differences on the matching effect, such as the individual's computing ability, spatial ability, etc.; 2) In the doctor-patient risk communication, ecological validity of matching effect should also be take into account, such as doctor-patient empathy, emotional needs of relatives, etc.; 3) Explore more appropriate education models from a theoretical perspective, and develop more risk experience and risk transformation technologies from a practical perspective, so as to improve the quality of doctor-patient risk communication more scientifically and effectively.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In the recent decade, unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), defined as unethical behaviors conducted by employees to potentially benefit the organization, has become a hot topic in the organizational behavior research field. Since the concept of UPB was put forward, scholars have widely investigated the formation mechanisms of UPB. In comparison, the research on the effects of UPB is rather limited. Until now, little has been known about the social interaction mechanism of UPB that happens between coworkers and has UPB characteristics. Learning from and inspired by some views of correspondent inference theory and social cognitive theory, this study develops a social interaction model of UPB between coworkers. This theoretical model involves two roles, namely actors and observers, and consists of three correlated parts. In the first part, based on the perspective of outcome expectation, we discuss the observers' psychological and behavioral reactions to UPB. Specifically, given that UPB can bring short-term benefits to the organization, we propose that observers will have positive expectations about the outcomes that UPB brings to the actors. Thus, the more UPB observers witness, the more positive outcomes observers will expect. Furthermore, we posit that observers' reactions to the positive outcome expectations will be contingent on the levels of observers' integrity. For observers high in integrity, positive outcome expectations may trigger moral anger, which in turn prompts observers to punish actors by undertaking workplace negative gossip. In contrast, observers low in integrity may be motivated by the positive outcome expectations, thereby engaging in moral disengagement and then conducting UPB. In the second part, based on the perspective of motive attribution, we explore the observers' psychological and behavioral reactions to UPB. Specifically, given the analysis of the outcomes of UPB in the first part, we contend that when observing UPB, observers will attribute self-interested and pro-organizational motives to the UPB actors. The attributed self-interested motives may result in moral anger and subsequently encourage observers to engage in workplace negative gossip, while the attributed pro-organizational motives may attenuate the relationship between the attributed self-interested motives and moral anger. We further argue that the aforementioned relationships will vary across individuals. For observers high in integrity, the attributed self-interested motives may exert stronger impacts on moral anger, while the moderating effect of the attributed pro-organizational motives may become weaker. In the third part, based on the perspective of intent inference, we analyze the actors' behavior changes in accordance with observers' feedback. Specifically, if actors find that many observers also conduct UPB, they will form a perception that UPB is accepted by the working unit and then maintain or increase the levels of UPB. In contrast, when actors hear negative gossips from the observers, they will interpret the gossips as a kind of warning and thus reduce UPB subsequently. Moreover, considering that Chinese people value the maintenance of interpersonal harmony, we deem that workplace negative gossip may likely prompt actors to shift their behaviors from UPB to organizational citizenship behavior directed at observers to improve the interpersonal relations. In conclusion, the present study not only narrows the extant research gap of the impacts of UPB to some extent, but also deepens the understanding of the social interaction mechanism of UPB. Meanwhile, our model offers practical implications for managers to control the contagion of UPB in organizations. Finally, we put forward some future research directions of this theoretical model in terms of observers' moral judgment to UPB, cognitive appraisals related to the unethical attribute of UPB, and the internal mechanisms of behavior changes of UPB actors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Studies show that significant differences are found in intertemporal choice between people in positive and negative emotions. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is underexplored. This study aimed to reveal the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making on the basis of the single dimension priority model by using a process-oriented method-a visual analog scale. We conducted three studies, where emotions were induced by video clip-induced technique to trigger target emotions (positive, neutral and negative). In study 1, the effects of emotions on intertemporal choice was investigated. This study used a 3 (emotion: positive, neutral, negative) � 2 (delay amount: 100, 1000 yuan) � 5 (delay time: 10, 30, 90, 180, 360 days) mixed design with emotion as a between-subjects variable. Participants were randomly assigned to positive, neutral, and negative conditions and were asked to complete the delay discounting task. In study 2, the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal choice with a between-subjects design (emotion: positive, negative) was explored. Participants in each condition were asked to complete the delay discounting task and to compare the difference in the delay dimension with that on the outcome dimension. In studies 3a and 3b, 2 (emotion: positive, negative) � 2 (priming: time priming/money priming, no priming) between-subjects designs were used to manipulate the difference-comparing process and explore whether the effect of emotions on intertemporal choice disappeared. The results were observed as follows: (1) Emotions affected intertemporal choice significantly. Participants in the positive condition preferred the delay reward more than participants in the negative and neutral condition. (2) The difference-comparing process played a mediating role in the relationship between emotion and intertemporal decision making. Participants in positive emotion perceived that the difference in outcome dimension was greater than that of delay dimension and preferred the delay option. Participants in negative emotions perceived opposite and tended to choose the immediate choice. (3) The effect of emotions on intertemporal decision making disappeared when the difference-comparing process was manipulated. In summary, this study revealed the psychological mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making from the perspective of decision-making process and added important procedural evidence to the single dimension priority model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The fundamental issue regarding the difference between humans and animals has puzzled researchers in a broad range of academic fields and specializations. The ability to trade, which symbolizes the progress of human civilization, may be regarded as an important distinction between humans and animals. To sustain a trading activity, people need to deal with the possible issues of long-distance delivery (spatial choice), delayed delivery (intertemporal choice), and unfulfilled delivery (risky choice) in the exchange of goods. These choices of different domains were well represented by the tangible (outcome) and intangible (probability/time/space) dimensions. Normally, the family of compensatory rules assumes that choice should be reached by comparing options which have been converted into the same units of quantity (Overall Payoff A vs. Overall Payoff B) in a way of “translating intangible elements into tangible ones” algorithm. Whereas, the family of non-compensatory rules assumes that choice should be reached by directly comparing values measured using different units of quantity (∆OutcomeA,B vs. ∆ProbabilityA,B/∆DelayA,B/∆SpaceA,B) in a way of “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” rule. To test whether human beings have the potential to deal with the intangible dimensions of the data, the present paper attempts to obtain evidence to support the “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” rules from a variety of decision tasks, which were formed by combing both tangible and intangible dimensions. Study 1 aims to examine whether outcome difference between options and the probability/time/space difference between options were directly compared in three choice domains by using the eye-tracking technique. Our findings show that, from the group-level, decision makers perform a consistent dimension-based search pattern in the three domains, indicating that the decision processes are more dependent on a way of intra-dimensional comparison. From the individual-level, the vast majority of participants were classified as decision makers who using dimension-based strategy. Moreover, the two index we constructed, difference in gaze duration and difference in saccades frequency, could significantly predict the behavioral choice shift. Those results provide supporting evidence for dimensioned-based strategy in three choice domains. However, Study 1 is still unable to answer the further question of whether the final decisions are reached through a process of comparing the eye movement information of ∆OutcomeA,B with ∆ProbabilityA,B/∆DelayA,B/ ∆SpaceA,B. Study 2 therefore borrows a Visual Analog Scale to further examine whether the ∆OutcomeA,B and ∆ProbabilityA,B/∆DelayA,B/∆SpaceA,B were treated in an equate-to-differentiate way in reaching the final decisions in three domains. Our findings indicate that the decisions can be made by the way of “intra-dimensional difference evaluation” prescribed by equate-to-differentiate theory. The current paper provides supportive evidence for the comparison rule of “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” and break a new ground different from the “translating intangible elements into tangible ones” algorithm. Future studies may consider the development of a general model to explain the choices of three different domains.
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