Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： When the associations among objects in the scene tend to remain unchanged as the time progressed, the repeated associations would guide attention to the target’s location more efficiently compared with the new context that changed across blocks, which is known as the contextual cuing effect. Though the process of the spatial layout has been widely interpreted, some studies that has investigated the role of object’s identities in contextual cuing effect were limited to the Euclidean property. The topological property, one of the most important objects’ identities referring to visual perception, was largely neglected. In this study, we aimed to manipulate configurations with topological property, Euclidean property, combined property as well as random configurations to test whether the predictability of the target associated with the topological property has the superiority relative to the Euclidean property. In Experiment one, a classic contextual cuing task was performed. Four types of configurations were randomly presented in the experiment. Experiment two was divided into two sessions, the studying session and the testing session. In the studying session, 24 configurations were repeated throughout the entire session, which was used to develop the learning effect. In the testing session, the previous 24 configurations were transformed into three groups, the topological repeated configurations, the Euclidean repeated configurations and the combined configurations. Meanwhile, eight random configurations were introduced as the baseline to measure the contextual cuing effect. In Experiment three, after the regularities of contexts had been learned, the topological properties of the target (experiment 3a) or distractors (experiment 3b) had been changed respectively. We explore whether topological changed configurations could capture attention by generating “new object” or lift the bound between topological regularities of the context and corresponding spatial layouts. In Experiment one, the main effects and the interaction between configuration and epoch were significant, indicating that all the three different repeated configurations obtained a remarkable contextual cuing effect. Further analysis showed that the reaction time in topological repeated configuration was faster than that in the random configuration in the 1st epoch, while the Euclidean repeated configuration had faster RTs than the random configuration from the 2nd epoch. In Experiment two, only the main effect of epoch was significant for the studying session, revealing an obvious learning effect. After configurations transformed, compared to the matched configurations in the learning session, RTs in both the topological repeated configuration and the Euclidean repeated configuration were significantly increased. Furthermore, the RTs of the topological repeated configuration were faster than the random configuration, while the RTs of the Euclidean repeated configuration were slower than the random configuration. The results demonstrated that the object’s property played an important role in contextual cuing effect, and the stability of topological-target associations made a greater contribution than Euclidean-target associations did in maintaining the contextual cuing effect. In Experiment three, both sub-experiments showed a significant learning effect in the studying session. For the testing session of Experiment 3a, the reaction time was not affected when the topological property of the target has changed. However, the accuracy of the topological changed configuration was significantly decreased than the topological repeated configuration of the Experiment 3b. Thus, Experiment three clarified the increased reaction time in the Euclidean repeated configuration, suggesting that contextual regularities of topological properties were bound to corresponding spatial layout. When topological regularities distorted, the "contextual confusion" came forth and made participants unable to utilize the context to guide attention to the target location effectively. For the first time, we have verified that the associations between objects’ topological property and the target could produce behavioral benefit than the Euclidean associations do. The association could probably be regarded as an informative cue to guide attention to the target location more efficiently. Nevertheless, the predictability of topological configuration takes priorities over Euclidean configuration during the learning course, and the association between objects’ topological property and the target has a more important significance in maintaining the contextual cuing effect.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous experimental results have shown that worked-example learning can promote the solution of near, but not far, transfer problems. However, according to Sweller, in order to promote the solution of the far transfer problem, it was necessary to learn a series of worked-examples of variant problems solutions. Furthermore, they must try to solve problems requiring variant rules. Thus, they will be assigned a large number of homework exercises. To avoid this, we developed a rule worked-example learning method to promote far transfer problem solving, in which students applied rules variant reasoning after prototype worked-example learning. We carried out four experiments to test the effectiveness of this method. In Experiment 1, 162 fourth-grade students were selected as participants. They were randomly divided into three groups. After learning the prototype worked-examples, the first group learned worked-examples of the four variant problem solutions. The second group applied rule variant reasoning to four problems presented to them. The third group solved four near transfer problems. Then, participants in all groups were evaluated by transfer tests. In Experiment 2, 54 mathematics high-performing students, 54 mathematics middle-performing students, and 54 mathematics low-performing students were selected as participants. After learning the prototype worked-examples, they all applied rule variant reasoning to four variant problems presented to them. Then, they all took transfer tests. In Experiment 3, 90 mathematics middle-performing students were randomly divided into three groups. Additionally, 90 mathematics low-performing students were randomly divided into three groups. After prototype worked-examples learning, two first groups made up the variant problems by self, and then they carried out rules variant reasoning for the variant problems; two second groups carried out rules variant reasoning for four variant problems presented to them; two third groups made four types division for eight variant problems presented to them, and then they carried out rules variant reasoning for the four kinds of the variant problems. Finally, they were all tested by transfer tests. In Experiment 4, 80 mathematics low-performing students were randomly divided into two groups. After learning prototype worked-examples, they all made four types division for eight variant problems presented to them. The first group carried out rules variant reasoning for the four kinds of the variant problems. The second group carried out rules variant reasoning using the variant problems of incomplete solving rules. Finally, they all took transfer tests. The results showed that (1) The far transfer scores of the first group were significantly better than those of the second and the third groups, and that the second group’s scores were significantly better than those of the third group; (2) Significant differences were found in the far transfer test scores among three math performance levels; (3) The far transfer test scores of the third group were significantly better than those of the first and second groups; (4) The far transfer test scores of the second group were significantly better than those of the first. It can be concluded that rule variant reasoning after learning prototype worked-example significantly promotes far transfer problem solving.
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-25 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究绵羊胃肠道内容物中褪黑素的分布特点，探究瘤胃保护性5-羟基色氨酸对绵羊胃肠道内容物和血浆中5-羟基色氨酸、褪黑素含量的影响，探讨通过5-羟基色氨酸调节绵羊肠道中褪黑素合成的可能性。试验选取健康、平均体重为（47.79±3.70） kg的3岁哈萨克母羊15只，按体重分为3组，每组5只，分别为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组。每天每只羊的粉状精料饲喂量为体重的1.2%，玉米青贮饲喂量为0.9 kg，混合干草自由采食，在此基础上，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组羊只分别饲喂111、222 mg/kg BW瘤胃保护性5-羟基色氨酸，进行15 d的饲养试验。结果表明，绵羊胃肠道内容物中5-羟基色氨酸含量的分布特点是：盲肠＞空肠、结肠＞瘤胃液、十二指肠、回肠；褪黑素含量分布特点是：十二指肠＞瘤胃液、空肠＞回肠、盲肠＞结肠。除盲肠和结肠外，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组绵羊胃肠道内容物中5-羟基色氨酸含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅱ组十二指肠内容物中5-羟色胺、N-乙酰-5-羟色胺含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01），结肠内容物中5-羟色胺、N-乙酰-5-羟色胺含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）；试验Ⅰ组空肠、回肠内容物中5-羟色胺、N-乙酰-5-羟色胺含量极显著低于对照组、试验Ⅱ组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组结肠内容物中褪黑素含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组十二指肠、空肠内容物中5-羟基吲哚乙酸含量极显著低于对照组（P＜0.01），但试验Ⅱ组盲肠、结肠内容物中5-羟基吲哚乙酸含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅱ组血浆中5-羟基色氨酸、5-羟色胺、褪黑素含量均显著或极显著高于对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。由此可见，绵羊胃肠道内容物中5-羟基色氨酸含量的分布特点是：盲肠＞空肠、结肠＞瘤胃液、十二指肠、回肠；褪黑素含量分布特点是：十二指肠＞瘤胃液、空肠＞回肠、盲肠＞结肠。瘤胃保护性5-羟基色氨酸补喂量为222 mg/kg BW时能提高胃肠道内容物中5-羟基色氨酸含量，但对5-羟色胺、褪黑素含量的影响在各胃肠段表现不同。瘤胃保护性5-羟基色氨酸补喂量为111、222 mg/kg BW时均能提高绵羊血浆中5-羟基色氨酸、5-羟色胺、褪黑素含量。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-25 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验研究在瘤胃保护性色氨酸（RPTrp）的饲粮中添加2种剂量的亚叶酸钙（CF）对绵羊血浆色氨酸（Trp）、犬尿氨酸（Kyn）和褪黑素（MT）含量的影响，旨在探究调控反刍动物体内MT合成的方法。试验选取（3.0±0.5）岁、平均体重（64.45±3.48） kg健康的萨福克绵羊15只，按体重分为3组，每组5只，分别为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组。每天每只羊精料补充料饲喂量为12 g/kg BW，玉米青贮为1.8 kg，RPTrp为222.2 mg/kg BW，自由采食混合干草，在此基础上，试验Ⅰ组添加50 mg的CF、试验Ⅱ组添加100 mg的CF，进行15 d的饲养试验。结果表明：1）上午饲喂后0~12 h期间，各组间血浆Trp、Kyn含量差异均不显著（P＞0.05）；在6、8 h时，试验组血浆Trp含量有降低的趋势（P=0.087 2、P=0.053 1）；在4.5、6、8、10 h时，试验组血浆Kyn含量也有降低的趋势（P=0.094 8、P=0.066 7、P=0.090 9、P=0.054 2）。2）上午饲喂后4.5、8 h时，试验组血浆5-羟色胺（5-HT）含量与对照组相比有增加的趋势（P=0.080 7、P=0.054 1），在10 h时，试验组极显著升高（P=0.005 7）；上午饲喂后6、8 h时，试验组MT含量也有增加的趋势（P=0.089 0、P=0.070 4），10 h时极显著高于对照组（P=0.000 2）。3）上午饲喂前0 h，与对照组相比，试验Ⅱ组血浆总抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著提高（P＜0.05），丙二醛含量显著降低（P＜0.05），试验Ⅰ组血浆总抗氧化能力也显著提高（P＜0.05）。因此，每天每只绵羊饲喂RPTrp（222.2 mg/kg·BW）饲粮基础上添加50或100 mg的CF，在饲喂后4.5~10 h期间有降低血浆Kyn含量的趋势，对血浆Trp、5-HT、MT含量整体没有显著影响，但可提高绵羊血浆抗氧化能力。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加瘤胃保护性色氨酸（RPTrp）对绵羊血浆色氨酸（Trp）及相关代谢物含量的影响。试验选取年龄(3.0±0.5)岁、平均体重(53.49±2.41) kg、健康的萨福克绵羊15只，随机分为3组，每组5只，分别为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组，精料饲喂量为10 g/(kg BW·d)，玉米青贮为1.8 kg/d，混合干草自由采食，在此基础上，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组绵羊分别添喂150 mg/（kg BW·d) Trp和333 mg/（kg BW•d) RPTrp，进行25 d的饲养试验。结果表明：1）上午和下午饲喂后2 h，试验Ⅰ组血浆总色氨酸（T-Trp）、游离色氨酸（F-Trp）含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01），血浆犬尿氨酸（Kyn）含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）；上午饲喂后6 h，试验Ⅱ组血浆T-Trp、F-Trp含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;下午饲喂后4 h，试验组血浆F-Trp含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。2）上午饲喂后10 h、下午饲喂后8 h，试验Ⅱ组血浆5-羟色胺（5-HT）含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）；上午饲喂后6、8 h，试验组血浆褪黑素（ML）含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01），试验组间无显著性差异（P＞0.05），下午饲喂后4、8 h，试验Ⅱ组显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。3）下午饲喂后2 h，试验组血浆游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量极显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）；各时间点各组间血浆白蛋白（ALB）含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）。4）与对照组相比，试验组可以极显著提高血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性（P＜0.05），并极显著降低血浆丙二醛（MDA）含量（P＜0.01），试验Ⅱ组还可极显著提高血浆总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P＜0.01）。因此，补喂Trp可使绵羊采食后血浆T-Trp、F-Trp和Kyn含量迅速升高，而补喂RPTrp时上述作用则较平缓。补喂Trp、RPTrp对绵羊血浆ALB、FFA、5-HT含量影响较小，仅有个别时间点作用显著。补喂Trp、RPTrp使绵羊白天血浆中ML含量升高，补喂Trp对夜间绵羊血浆中ML含量没有显著影响，补喂RPTrp可使绵羊夜间血浆ML含量维持在相对较高的水平上。补喂Trp、RPTrp可提高绵羊血浆抗氧化能力。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究补喂5-羟基色氨酸、过瘤胃5-羟基色氨酸对绵羊血浆中5-羟基色氨酸、褪黑素含量的影响，探究通过5-羟基色氨酸调节绵羊机体中褪黑素分泌模式及含量的可能性。试验选取1岁、平均体重为（55.78±3.24） kg的陶赛特母羊18只，按体重分为3组，每组6只，分别为对照组和试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组，每天每只羊的粉状精料饲喂量为体重的1%，玉米青贮饲喂量为0.6 kg，混合干草自由采食，在此基础上，试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组羊只分别补喂5-羟色氨酸50 mg/kg BW、过瘤胃5-羟色氨酸111 mg/kg BW，进行15 d的饲养试验。结果表明：在早上、下午饲喂后试验组血浆中5-羟基色氨酸含量均高于对照组，且在下午饲喂后2个试验组血浆中5-羟基色氨酸含量呈波动性上升，但试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在早上饲喂后1.5 h，各组血浆中色氨酸含量均呈增加趋势；在下午饲喂后的1.5~6.0 h，各组血浆中色氨酸含量呈下降趋势。在白天时，各组血浆中5-羟色胺含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）；在下午饲喂后1.5~6.0 h，各组血浆中5-羟色胺含量呈波动性上升。在早上饲喂后3.0~9.0 h，试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组血浆中褪黑素含量均高于对照组，其中在早上饲喂后6.0 h试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照组的差异均达到了极显著水平（P＜0.01）。在下午饲喂后的1.5~9.0 h，各组血浆中褪黑素含量均呈波动性上升，且在下午饲喂后1.5、3.0、6.0 h试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01），在下午饲喂后9.0 h试验Ⅱ组显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。由此可知，补喂5-羟基色氨酸（50 mg/kg BW）或过瘤胃5-羟基色氨酸（111 mg/kg BW）均可显著提高绵羊血浆中5-羟基色氨酸含量，改变白天机体中褪黑素分泌模式及含量，且过瘤胃5-羟基色氨酸的作用更有效，但对血浆中色氨酸、5-羟色胺含量均无显著影响。
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2017-11-29 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract： Tidal flat is an important reserve of cultivated land resource in China. There is high spatial heterogeneity, properties and environment changes of soil in the transformation from wetland to agricultural soil. In order to evaluate the effect of soil quality under different reclamation durations and multiple land use in a typical coastal area in Cixi County, Zhejiang Province, 276 soil/sediment samples from farmland, vegetable land, orchard, forestland, aquafarm, wasteland and tidal flat reclaimed for 0 to 50 years were collected and analyzed. Considering the spatial heterogeneity, principal component analysis was used in combination with Norm Value, then Minimum Data Set (MDS) with seven indexes was put forward. This included organic matter (OM), calcium oxide (CaO), sulfur (S), bromine (Br), boron (B), plumbum (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) under six reclamation duration and seven utility patterns. About 29.2% of the index accounted for 80.3% of the information. The Topsis method, which combined Maximum Difference Normalization method and Variable Coefficient Fixing Weight method, was used to assess the soil quality. Comparison with the Traditional Membership Function method, the used method a much more effective one. Besides, the distance to optimal vector directly explained the obstruction factor, which showed the primary obstacle was applicable in supervising soil environment and improving soil quality by the local government. The results suggested that the range of soil quality comprehensive indexes for the 276 soil/sediment samples was 44.6–74.1. The trend in the indexes increased sharply in first 20 years and then stabilized in the other 20–30 years, before it again increased for 30–50 years of reclamation. In general, the overall soil quality in the study area was moderate to infertile. The class I soil quality was only 7.1% of the samples. More than half of the soil samples belonged to classes IV or V. Based on land use types, soil quality was ranked in the following order: vegetable field > orchard > farmland > forest > aquafarm > tidal flat > wasteland. Paddy field was better than dry land for the same reclamation period, which indicated that basic paddy farmland was much more environmental friendly in Cixi reclamation district. Irrigation-induced decalcification and desalination effectively improved the quality of reclaimed soil. Meanwhile, low OM and high CaO and Cd primarily limited soil quality. Next were salt content as Br, S and B, followed by heavy metal as Pb. Soil content of Cd increased quickly to critical point of pollution, which was easily enriched in paddy and caused diseases. Reasonable use of chemical fertilizers was a key to further promotion of soil quality in reclaimed tidal areas.
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment