分类： 物理学 >> 电磁学、光学、声学、传热、经典力学和流体动力学 分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 分类： 物理学 >> 地球物理学、天文学和天体物理学 提交时间： 2019-03-31
摘要： 研究基于修改Navier-Stokes方程而得到可逆守恒系统的有螺湍流研究思路和理论。讨论三维可压缩湍流统计力学分析及螺度控制力热声问题。构建了一个非平衡系综的有螺可逆系统。最后简要讨论工程应用。
分类： 物理学 >> 气体、等离子体、放电物理 分类： 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2019-03-31
摘要： 等离子体湍流（如太阳风）中体现的（矢端图）螺旋现象和信号（近似）谐振现象并不一定表示线性波动行为。不同环境下等离子体可以有不同的动力学特征，容许存在各种非线性结构。这里讨论在一定时空范围内与线性螺旋波表现类似的有单手性主导的湍动涡模态和呼吸子。前者先通过回顾最近利用扩展磁流体模型统计解特征研究太阳风中的建议得以说明；后者的具体例证还是一个开放的问题，但是我们列举各种来自水波、等离子体和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的信息来说明太阳风中应该存在这样的结构。
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 分类： 交通运输工程 >> 道路工程 提交时间： 2019-03-31
摘要： 基于超制图学的思想，建立模型将乘坐轻轨的时间距离换算成以米（m）为单位的空间距离。在此基础上,通过地理信息系统（GIS）的地图投影空间变换方法,用换算出的距离重新定义两地间距离,变形原地图形成时间距离地图。将时间距离空间化，利用技术手段，对时间距离进行可视化表达。结果发现，轻轨对于城市形态的影响受到站点离所选取的中心点距离的影响，呈现离中心点越远变形越大；离中心点越近变形越小。轻轨对商业中心布局的影响基本呈现圈层分布。时间距离压缩了传统城市形态。随着乌鲁木齐地铁建设进程的推进和基础设施的完善,城市内部进一步压缩时间距离仍有很大余地，已有商业中心应进行升级。本研究为乌鲁木齐城市建设提供一种新的参考与思路。
分类： 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间： 2019-03-29
摘要： 对2018年5月为止基于自我决定理论的工作动机研究英文文献的系统检索得到了97篇实证研究样本。基于自我决定理论的核心假设，运用“环境—基本心理需要—工作动机—结果”的理论模型对工作动机前因和结果的研究脉络进行了仔细地分析和归纳，结果表明员工基本心理需要满足和自主性工作动机作为中介变量可解释自主性支持的工作环境和员工个体特征对工作行为、态度和心理健康的积极影响。将来的主要研究议题：一是对控制性工作环境具体因素对员工基本心理需要阻滞、控制性动机和去动机以及员工工作行为、态度和心理健康影响的研究；二是不同动机类型对员工业绩、行为和态度影响的过程以及情境因素的研究；三是外部奖励（包括薪酬、基于业绩的奖励等）对员工工作动机、基本心理需要、工作业绩和心理健康的影响及边界条件的深入研究。
分类： 生物学 >> 生态学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Restoration of cropland (termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs (termed 'Shrub'), trees (termed 'Tree') and natural grassland (termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites (Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass) during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores (i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly (P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly (P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly (P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites, the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index (P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.
分类： 生物学 >> 生理学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Although exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) is widely reported to regulate a myriad of physio-biochemical attributes in plants under stressful environments including drought stress, there is little information available in the literature on how and up to what extent GB can induce changes in anatomical features in water starved plants. Thus, the present research work was conducted to assess the GB-induced changes in growth, physio-biochemical, and anatomical characteristics in two cultivars (CK-1 and F-411) of oat (Avena sativa L.) under limited water supply. After exposure to water stress, a considerable reduction was observed in plant growth in terms of lengths and weights of shoot and roots, leaf mesophyll thickness, leaf midrib thickness, root cortex thickness, root diameter, stem diameter, stem phloem area, and stem vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. However, water stress resulted in a significant increase in leaf total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbic acid (AsA), GB contents, activities of enzymes (CAT, SOD and POD), total soluble proteins, leaf epidermis (abaxial and adaxial) thickness, bulliform cell area, sclerenchyma thickness, root endodermis and epidermis thickness, root metaxylem area, stem metaxylem area and stem sclerenchyma thickness in both oat cultivars. Foliar-applied 100 mM GB suppressed H2O2 contents, while improved growth attributes, free proline and GB contents, activity of SOD enzyme, leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf bulliform cell area, leaf midrib thickness, leaf sclerenchyma thickness, root cortex thickness, root endodermis, epidermis thickness, root stele diameter, stem diameter, stem epidermis thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem phloem and vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. For both oat cultivars, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf mesophyll, leaf sclerenchyma, root metaxylem area, stem diameter, stem epidermis, sclerenchyma thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem vascular bundle area. Overall, both oat cultivars showed inconsistent behavior to water stress and foliar-applied GB in terms of different physio-biochemical attributes, however, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in a number of anatomical features of leaf, root, and stem.
分类： 农、林、牧、渔 >> 土壤学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The aboveground primary production is a major source of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pool and plays an important role in regulating the response of ecosystem and nutrient cycling to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of spring fire and topography on the aboveground biomass (AGB) and the soil C and N pool, we conducted a field experiment between April 2014 and August 2016 in a semi-arid grassland of northern China to examine the effects of slope and spring fire, and their potential interactions on the AGB and organic C and total N contents in different plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, Artemisia frigida plants, total grasses and total plants). The dynamics of AGB and the contents of organic C and N in the plants were examined in the burned and unburned plots on different slope positions (upper and lower). There were differences in the total AGB of all plants between the two slope positions. The AGB of grasses was higher on the lower slope than on the upper slope in July. On the lower slope, spring fire marginally or significantly increased the AGB of C3 grasses, forbs, total grasses and total plants in June and August, but decreased the AGB of C4 grasses and A. frigida plants from June to August. On the upper slope, however, spring fire significantly increased the AGB of forbs in June, the AGB of C3 grasses and total grasses in July, and the AGB of forbs and C4 grasses in August. Spring fire exhibited no significant effect on the total AGB of all plants on the lower and upper slopes in 2014 and 2015. In 2016, the total AGB in the burned plots showed a decreasing trend after fire burning compared with the unburned plots. The different plant functional groups had different responses to slope positions in terms of organic C and N contents in the plants. The lower and upper slopes differed with respect to the organic C and N contents of C3 grasses, C4 grasses, total grasses, forbs, A. frigida plants and total plants in different growing months. Slope position and spring fire significantly interacted to affect the AGB and organic C and N contents of C4 grasses and A. frigida plants. We observed the AGB and organic C and N contents in the plants in a temporal synchronized pattern. Spring fire affected the functional AGB on different slope positions, likely by altering the organic C and N contents and, therefore, it is an important process for C and N cycling in the semi-arid natural grasslands. The findings of this study would facilitate the simulation of ecosystem C and N cycling in the semi-arid grasslands in northern China.
分类： 生物学 >> 植物学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The adaption of photosynthesis, being a key metabolic process, plays an important role in plant resistance to air drought. In this study, the Siberian crabapple (Malus baccata L. Borkh.) in the forest-steppe zone of Transbaikalia region, Russia, was subjected to air drought stress and its photosynthesis characteristics were analyzed. The results show that air drought and sufficient soil moisture supply lead to the decrease in the total chlorophyll (Chl) content, while the ratio of Chls to carotenoids is constant in the Siberian crabapple tree. The function of photosystem II (PS-II) in the crabapple trees is characterized by a decrease in the fraction of absorbed light energy spent on the photochemical work and an increase in the proportion of non-photosynthetic thermal quenching. These changes indicate the photosynthetic down-regulation that acts as a universal photoprotective mechanism. During the midday hours, the combination of high air temperature and low air humidity leads to the decrease in the maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the efficiency of photosynthesis (PABS). The parameters of leaf gas exchange show the significant differences in these values between the control and experimental variants. During the morning hours, the Siberian crabapple, growing in the Irkutsk City, assimilates carbon dioxide more intensively. Due to the higher air humidity, the stomata are kept open and the necessary amount of carbon dioxide entries the sites of carboxylation. The low air humidity combined with wind in the experimental variants leads to the unreasonably high water loss in the crabapple leaves by more than 27% as compared to the control variant (Irkutsk City). However, water use efficiency in the morning hours increases during plant photosynthetic processes, i.e., 42% higher than that of control. This, apparently, is a reflection of the adaptation processes of the Siberian crabapple to the air drought and parching wind.
分类： 农、林、牧、渔 >> 土壤学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil (>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment, this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon (OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage (reduced tillage with residue incorporated (RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch (NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal (CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased (by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that: (1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and (2) the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Soil water is an important composition of water recycle in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. However, intense water exchange between soil-plant and soil-atmosphere interfaces only occurs in a certain layer of the soil profile. For deep insight into water active layer (WAL, defined as the soil layer with a coefficient of variation in soil water content >10% in a given time domain) in the Loess Plateau of China, we measured soil water content (SWC) in the 0.0–5.0 m soil profile from 86 sampling sites along an approximately 860-km long south-north transect during the period 2013–2016. Moreover, a dataset contained four climatic factors (mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, annual mean temperature and mean annual dryness index) and five local factors (altitude, slope gradient, land use, clay content and soil organic carbon) of each sampling site was obtained. In this study, three WAL indices (WAL-T (the thickness of WAL), WAL-CV (the mean coefficient of variation in SWC within WAL) and WAL-SWC (the mean SWC within WAL)) were used to evaluate the characteristics of WAL. The results showed that with increasing latitude, WAL-T and WAL-CV increased firstly and then decreased. WAL-SWC showed an opposite distribution pattern along the south-north transect compared with WAL-T and WAL-CV. Average WAL-T of the transect was 2.0 m, suggesting intense soil water exchange in the 0.0–2.0 m soil layer in the study area. Soil water exchange was deeper and more intense in the middle region than in the southern and northern regions, with the values of WAL-CV and WAL-T being 27.3% and 4.3 m in the middle region, respectively. Both climatic (10.1%) and local (4.9%) factors influenced the indices of WAL, with climatic factors having a more dominant effect. Compared with multiple linear regressions, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) from artificial neural network can better estimate the WAL indices. PTFs developed by artificial neural network respectively explained 86%, 81% and 64% of the total variations in WAL-T, WAL-SWC and WAL-CV. Knowledge of WAL is crucial for understanding the regional water budget and evaluating the stable soil water reserve, regional water characteristics and eco-hydrological processes in the Loess Plateau of China.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地球化学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits (loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt (goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm (hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics (magnetic susceptibility, ARM (anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM (saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRMAF100mT (SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes (5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds (0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities (0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： An abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus have strongly influenced the global climate. This study focused on these changes in Inner Mongolia, China. This study used the central clustering method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and other methods to explore the abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus in three different temperature zones of the study region based on average annual data series. Among the temperature metrics investigated, average minimum temperature (Tnav) shifted the earliest, followed by average temperature (Tnv) and average maximum temperature (Txav). The latest change was observed in summer (1990s), whereas the earliest was observed in winter (1970s). Before and after the abrupt temperature change, Tnav fluctuated considerably, whereas there was only a slight change in Txav. Before and after the abrupt temperature change, the winter temperature changed more dramatically than the summer temperature. Before the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in the central region (0.322°C/10a) and west region (0.48°C/10a) contributed the most to the increasing temperatures. After the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in winter in the central region (0.519°C/10a) and in autumn in the west region (0.729°C/10a) contributed the most to the temperature increases. Overall, in the years in which temperature shifts occurred early, a warming hiatus also appeared early. The three temperature metrics in spring (1991) in the east region were the first to exhibit a warming hiatus. In the east region, Txav displayed the lowest rate of increase (0.412°C/a) in the period after the abrupt temperature change and before the warming hiatus, and the highest rate of increase after the warming hiatus.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Drought acutely affects economic sectors, natural habitats and communities. Understanding the past spatial and temporal patterns of drought is crucial because it facilitates the forecasting of future drought occurrences and informs decision-making processes for possible adaptive measures. This is especially important in view of a changing climate. This study employed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-recommended standardized precipitation index (SPI) to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in Zambia from 1960 to 2016. The relationship between the occurrence of consecutive dry days (CDD; consecutive days with less than 1 mm of precipitation) and SPI was also investigated. Horizontal wind vectors at 850 hPa during the core of the rainy season (December–February) were examined to ascertain the patterns of flow during years of extreme and severe drought; and these were contrasted with the patterns of flow in 2007, which was a generally wet year. Pressure vertical velocity was also investigated. Based on the gamma distribution, SPI successfully categorized extremely dry (with a SPI value less than or equal to –2.0) years over Zambia as 1992 and 2015, a severely dry (–1.9 to –1.5) year as 1995, moderately dry (–1.4 to –1.0) years as 1972, 1980, 1987, 1999 and 2005, and 26 near normal years (–0.9 to 0.9). The occurrence of CDD was found to be strongly negatively correlated with SPI with a coefficient of –0.6. Further results suggest that, during wet years, Zambia is influenced by a clockwise circulating low-pressure zone over the south-eastern Angola, a second such zone over the northern and eastern parts, and a third over the Indian Ocean. In stark contrast, years of drought were characterized by an anti-clockwise circulating high-pressure zone over the south-western parts of Zambia, constraining precipitation activities over the country. Further, wet years were characterized by negative pressure vertical velocity anomalies, signifying ascending motion; while drought years were dominated by positive anomalies, signifying descending motion, which suppresses precipitation. These patterns can be used to forecast drought over Zambia and aid in strategic planning to limit the potential damage of drought.
分类： 地球科学 >> 水文学 提交时间： 2019-03-28 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China (ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources (including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that: (1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains; (2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains; (3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and (4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.
分类： 管理学 >> 可持续发展管理 提交时间： 2019-03-27
摘要： 绿色消费情境下的态度--行为差异表现为个体对绿色产品所持态度与实际购买行为之间的不一致性。在可持续发展成为消费趋势之一的今天对该问题的研究具有重要意义。研究梳理了绿色消费行为中态度—行为差异的基本解释机制，在此基础上系统总结了自2010年以来个体心理层面的实证研究，并将营销与社会规范方面的相关研究成果与其进行整合。结合国内的研究现状，未来的研究需要在测量方法、动机性因素、学习与信任机制、跨文化研究等方面做进一步深入探讨。
分类： 心理学 >> 心理测量 提交时间： 2019-03-26
摘要： 由于“共情”缺乏统一的操作性定义，研究者在实际研究过程中往往根据各自理解在不同的研究层面采用不尽一致的研究方法。近年来，基于问卷、行为范式、生理信号等多个层面的共情研究方法取得了长足进展，为研究共情不同维度的机制提供了多方面的信息。然而，现有共情研究方法各有优劣，且存在可比性问题和生态效度问题。因此，在未来共情研究中，应有效整合多个层面的研究方法，并开发更具生态效度的实验范式。
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2019-03-25
摘要： 备择选项可被表征在多维（各维度描述选项的不同属性）空间中，据此，人们或依据“价值最大化”原则（Luce，1959）对备择选项做出选择。然而，现研究假设：在现实生活中，有虚构故事能力的决策者会主动改造表征选项的空间，即会自我生成额外的虚构维度来表征备择选项。我们将决策者在给定维度上给选项赋予的效用（Uv）定义为“价”(v(x))，而将决策者在自我生成的虚构维度上给选项赋予的效用(Uv)定义为“值”(w(xc))。我们的系列实验结果表明：在给定维度上明显具有更大“价”的选项往往不被选中（违背了“价值最大化”原则）；而这种偏偏选择“小梨子”（较不值钱的选项）的行为可以被基于“值”的选择模型描述和解释为：人们的决策旨在选择具有较大“值”的选项，而不是具有较大“价”的选项。希望我们的发现不仅能有助于理解这类“多走一步”决策的奥妙，而且还能有助于我们将这种能进一步自我生成虚构维度、继而在虚构维度上对选项赋予延迟的效用（值）、并做出基于“值”选择的能力，视为并证明成能够测量尤瓦尔·赫拉利在《人类简史》一书中提出的“虚构故事能力”程度的操作定义。
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2019-03-25
摘要： There are detailed theories and abundant empirical results regarding embodied cognition. However, embodiment effects are undergoing a replication crisis. Based on the hierarchical structure of embodiment tasks and the dual process property of embodiment phenomena, we propose the hierarchical access priority model (HAP). According to HAP, the generation of embodiment effects depends on the access priority of embodied variables to unconscious processes, and embodiment effects from different hierarchy levels show a contravariant relationship between effect size and stability. Theoretically, the stability of an embodiment effect is partly determined by the hierarchy of the embodied variable, and dissociation of the dual process moderates the effect size. Empirically, the hierarchical linear model analytic method should be considered for embodied research; the embodied variable could be designed as a mediating or moderating variable, and other possible masked mediating variables should be considered. HAP offers an insightful theoretical perspective for the embodiment replication crisis.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2019-03-25 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要： 低噪声放大器在射电天文望远镜接收机中是一个重要的前端组件，其性能对接收机的 灵敏度和噪声有着至关重要的影响。本文采用 OMMIC 公司 70nm GaAs mHEMT 工艺研究 和设计了一款工作频率为 2-18GHz 的超宽带单片微波集成低噪声放大器芯片，芯片面积为 2 mm×1mm。放大器电路采用三级级联放大、双电源供电拓扑结构，常温在片测试结果显示， 全频带增益大于 28dB，噪声温度平均值为 93K，直流功耗 150mW，无条件稳定。该放大器 芯片覆盖了射电天文 S、C、X、Ku 四个传统观测波段，适用于厘米波段超宽带接收前端和 毫米波段超宽带中频放大模块。
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