Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biodiversity is key to the foundation and development of human society. Biodiversity monitoring and research provide essential scientific support for the national development of ecological civilization and for building a beautiful China. To monitor the dynamic distribution of important species in typical ecoregions of China, Chinese Biodiversity Observation Network (Sino BON) was founded in 2013 under the supports of 19 institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the sponsorship of the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plans. Covering 30 main sites and 60 affiliated sites all over China, Sino BON includes 10 subnetworks specialized at monitoring different groups of species including animals, plants, and microbes and one network management center. Currently, Sino BON has established a crosscutting research platform for biodiversity science based on forest dynamics plots, combining near-surface remote sensing, satellite tracking, and molecular biology techniques. Considerable advances have been achieved in the construction and research on forest dynamics plots, observation network of big-sized animals, migration of birds using satellite tracking systems, etc. Future work will optimize the spatial distribution of sites as well as monitoring subjects employing man-made ground observations and automatic data logging systems at the main and affiliated sites. More efforts will also be paid to synergize domestic and international research on the interactions between multi-species and multi-nutrient levels in order for Sino BON to play a leading role in biodiversity monitoring and research in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Poverty alleviation or mitigation through science and technology is one of the strategies implemented in China. Grassbased Livestock Husbandry aims to develop sustainable and profitable ruminant farming systems and is an attractive and effective countermeasure for poverty alleviation in grasslands of China. Our survey indicated that 152 counties in the grassland region are in poverty, representing 56.7% of the total 268 counties. Hence, grasslands are the regions where the “hard core” poverty populations reside. As a pilot initiative, Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched projects in the grasslands in the north and the moutain meadows in the south to couple forage cultivation and processing with husbandry of elite local livestock breeds by improving the efficiency of converters of feed to products, and the projects have substantially helped local people increase their household incomes. Nationwidely, the grassland occupies more than 40% of the total national land area, hence the sustainable development of grass-based livestock farming systems could play a central role and have great potential in poverty alleviation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： High-yield and high-quality forage varieties are the key to sustainable development of grass-based livestock husbandry in China. However, the forage breeding was started late in China, and the progress is very slow, and the forage varieties of independent intellectual property rights are seriously lacked. Forages generally have self-incompatibility, natural allogamy, polysomic inheritance, and marked inbreeding effects. Subsequently, it is difficult to characterize agronomically important complex traits, resulting that the breeding technology is still in the 2.0 era of hybrid breeding. The molecular design-based breeding is a fine strategy to speed up the breeding process, however, there is a lack of theoretical and technical system for the molecular design based forage breeding. Recently, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the strategic priority program “Establishing Scientific and Technological System of Ecological Grass and Animal Husbandry”, to dissect complex forage genomes, establish a new molecular design-based forage breeding technologies, and breed high-yield and high-quality forage varieties with independent intellectual property rights.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Young researchers are the pioneering force with the most innovative vitality, the main force for basic research and core technology breakthroughs, and the backbone for realizing scientific and technological (S&T) self-reliance and self-improvement. In order to strengthen the construction of national strategic S&T force, there is an urgent need to strengthen the construction of young research team and establish a talent development environment that can effectively stimulate the young researchers’ creativity, innovation ability, vitality and motivation. This paper summarizes the experience and results of “Youth Innovation Promotion Association”—the main program of independent cultivation of young S&T talents of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), by analyzing the important role of young researchers in the output of major scientific and technological achievements. It then puts forward the systematic thinking of optimizing the development of young research team in China, amongst our efforts towards S&T self-reliance and self-improvement, from the following three aspects: taking multiple measures to strengthen the support to young researchers, creating an institutional environment for young researchers to devote themselves to research, and building a diversified platform for academic exchanges and scientific research cooperation. Lastly, this paper proposes to further optimize and promote the construction of an innovation-oriented development community for the young S&T talents, as well as accelerate the interdisciplinary cooperation of them for integrating innovation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Under current complex and changeable international situation, building high-quality industrial systems according to the needs of national security and strategic development is an important guarantee for national sustained and high-quality development in the new period. As the source of technical innovation, basic research underpins the development of industrial systems. In addition, to strengthen the weakness and insufficience in basic research, we propose that a basic research funding navigation system should be constructed, which would be helpful to identify the key weaknesses in basic research, rationally set up the research direction,and optimize the reasonable allocation of resources, thus promote the establishment of a comprehensive and high-quality modern industrial system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biological specimens are important materials in the field of biological research and non-renewable strategic biological resources. The specimen collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the center of conservation, research, and scientific education. It plays an irreplaceable role in the research and protection of biodiversity in China. Biological specimens can provide important information in three dimensions: species, space, and time. The use of different levels of such information supports the research areas of species cognition, biodiversity cataloging, protection and management of endangered species, prevention and control of alien invasion, biodiversity monitoring, and species distribution pattern and biodiversity change. Biological specimens have great potential for biodiversity research and conservation. In the future, the construction and management of specimen resources need to be committed to more comprehensive collection, strengthen the acquisition of in-depth information and the construction of data integration platform, so as to better contribute to the construction of ecological civilization and biodiversity conservation in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Phenotyping is an important linkage for studying the interaction mechanism of “genotype-phenotype-environment”. The development of crop phenotyping with independent intellectual property rights is of great significance for accelerating the breeding process and assisting the monitoring in precision agriculture. Taking rice, maize, and other major food crops as the research objects, Crop 3D phenotyping system has realized multi-scale and multi-temporal crop growth dynamic monitoring, which provide an important tool support for breeding. This article first reviewed the research progress of phenotyping platforms, then introduced the main research progress of Crop 3D platform, and finally summarized the future phenotyping research direction.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： With over 1.3 billion people, food security is always the No. 1 issue in the governmental agenda in China, and sustainable food production requires innovation in crop breeding. This paper outlines the research effort and output of the past five years of a grand project of Chinese Academy of Sciences of the Innovation System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules, and provides a few examples of how to combine the cutting-edge theories and technologies of life sciences to design rice varieties and other species. The achievements demonstrate that the project has made substantial progresses in designer breeding by using molecular modules.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： National major demand and social and economic development are the direction and drive force of scientific and technological innovation. In turn, scientific and technological innovation promotes economic development and social progress, and such innovation is new motive force to promote alleviation of poverty. According to the current situation of crude protein feedstuffs and the development situation of animal husbandry in China, the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences has bred a new hybrid paper mulberry with fast growth, high yield, and high quality, and puts forward the industrial development model of “replacing grain with trees, planting and raising circulation”, which effectively meets the feed demand of poor areas and promote the development of animal husbandry in poor areas. This paper analyzes the progress of paper mulberry poverty alleviation in Heze city of Shandong Province, and discusses the opportunities, problems, and countermeasures faced by the industry poverty alleviation of paper mulberry.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Cultivation of cereal crops including rice, started in China over 8000 years ago, and Chinese knowledge of crop breeding has great impact on cereal production of the whole world. As of the early 1990s, scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), representing China as one of the sponsor countries, joined the International Rice Genome Project and were in charge of sequencing Chromosome 4 of “geng” rice and the whole genome of “xian” rice 93-11, which marked the beginning of the serial efforts from Chinese plant science community to develop rice into a model crop/plant to study genomic and molecular basis underlying complex traits. As a grand effort to translate and assemble the knowledge and know-hows gained from the basic research into crop breeding, CAS launched a national programme called the Innovation System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules five years ago. The programme used rice as a model crop to dissect molecular modules controlling complex traits including yield, yield stability, grain quality, and crop nutrient use efficiency, study the coupling and interactions of the molecular modules, and develop molecular module-based designer breeding systems. The programme also aimed to set rice as a reference to promote the study of complex traits and designer breeding of other related crops and animals such as wheat, soybean, and fish. Through collaborative researches and coherent team work, the programme has built up shared national rice germplasm libraries and genomic databases, dissected a series of molecular modules applicable in designer breeding, and established theoretic framework for simultaneous improvement of both yield and quality traits, cold perception and resistance, balance between broad spectrum durable disease resistance and yield, nitrogen use efficiency, as well as heterosis of yield traits. Such achievements further experimentally validated the concept of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules. The importance of these achievements were highlighted by the winning of the top ten advances of Chinese Life Sciences in 2015 and 2017, the top ten advances of Chinese Sciences in 2016, and the First Prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017, respectively.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Maize is one of the most important food crops and plays a decisive role in the people's livelihood and national economy in China. Its sustained and stable production is of great strategic significance for ensuring food security and supply-side structural reform. Although traditional hybrid breeding technology has made a great contribution to increasing maize production, it can no longer satisfy the demand for a better life of current society. With the rapid development of modern biotechnology, molecular breeding has become an important direction and an inevitable choice for maize breeding, and the molecular module-based crop design technology, by combining multiple disciplines to achieve multi-module optimization and assembly at the whole genome level, will greatly promote maize breeding in China. Here, we provide an overview on the development of maize breeding technology and the significant achievements of molecular module-based technology in maize breeding recently. Finally, directions for maize breeding in future are also discussed.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biodiversity is not only important strategic resource, but also the safeguard to the ecological security and success of the development of ecological civilization. Gathering “big data” of biological sciences at different levels, the in-depth data mining and novel discoveries stemmed from cross disciplines will switch life sciences to the new data-intensive science paradigm, and eventually leads to the change of the way how life system should be understood, and how biodiversity resources should be utilized sustainably. Therefore, to establish an infrastructure for the big biodiversity data in China is urgently needed. This infrastructure incorporates big biodiversity data from both macro and micro scales, and integrates data services and data mining system. It incorporates in-depth data mining tools, simulation models, standards for compiling and sharing data of biodiversity and ecosystems. In this system, the big data from palaeontology and genomics, diversity of species and ecosystems are well integrated. The datasets from geography, climatology, remote sensing, environmental and social sciences, and economics are also included as a comprehensive visualized big data platform being available to the public. It could be used to promote sound decision making for biodiversity conservation and ecological security in China. These services will also contribute greatly to the advancement of biodiversity science, the industrial innovation and development, providing fundamental information for fulfilling the national obligations in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity, the prevention and control of invasive alien species and the monitoring of international trade of wildlife, and so on.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： In recent years, crop molecular maker assisted selection has been developing rapidly in China. Automatic seed chipper is the key equipment that affects the breeding scale and speed. The related technology is developing very fast, and will improve the level of crop breeding in the future. Here we introduce the value of automatic seed chipper in crop breeding, the domestic and international development status and technical principle. We also describe the technical characteristics of China’s first commercial breeding seed chip equipment in detail, and point out the development in our breeding seed chip equipment.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Library Science submitted time 2017-05-10
Abstract：摘要：[目的/意义] 构建普适的领域本体模型框架和规范的方法体系，为 STKOS 实现动态摘要：[目的/意义] 构建普适的领域本体模型框架和规范的方法体系，为 STKOS 实现动态建模的本体工具集和面向领域应用的本体网络提供建设依据。[方法/过程] 调研分析不同层次的领域本体模型，总结能够为 STKOS 本体建设提供的参考，构建 STKOS 中学科领域本体模型的三层架构，提出各层框架可遵循的方法，并以中国科学院植物研究所的需求为例，阐述了本文模型框架在构建植物多样性领域本体的应用。[结果/结论] 按照领域本体模型三层架构所构建的植物多样性领域本体，较之其他领域本体，具有知识组织体系清晰、构建过程高效、所支撑应用场景丰富的优点，因此，该研究为 STKOS 快速而有效地构建领域本体提供了实用框架，未来可应用于知识服务平台语义层的建设。
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2017-04-28
Abstract：摘要 美国经历了草地退化、治理和管理政策调整三个时期。我国在经过放牧地退化和治理阶段之后，目前也正在面临“禁牧”政策适时调整问题。为此，本研究以文献综述方法，回归了美国放牧地政策的历史演变过程，总结其中值得我国制定相关政策的借鉴之处。美国放牧地管理政策演变如下：1， 1862年《宅地法》颁布后，中西部州公共放牧地的私有化面积也限制为160英亩，因此保留了大量公共放牧地。随着中西部畜牧业的高速发展，美国放牧地退化和荒漠化达到非常严重的地步。 2，在罗斯福新政背景下，国会于 1934年颁布《泰勒放牧法》，对联邦放牧法案进行分类管理，要求在公共土地上放牧的牧民申请放牧许可证，并交纳放牧费用，并设立了行政机构对联邦公共土地进行管理。 3，国会在 1944-1962年间组建了土地管理局，上调放牧费。土地管理局开展季节性的休牧和禁牧，合理和规划放牧地，普及可持续的经营方式，并进行补播和围封等具体工程技术，初步遏制了草地退化的势头。 4，在 1960-1980年间，国会通过了《土地分类和多重利用法案》、《联邦土地政策和管理法案》、《公共放牧地改良法案》等一系列放牧地管理法案，确立了放牧地多功能管理原则，稳定了联邦对公共土地的所有权，将公共土地上的放牧权定义为许可证而非产权，具体规定了土地管理局的职责，建立了多部门协调机制，建立了美国放牧地管理政策体系。 5，在 1980年前后，美国中西部牧民发起“山艾树叛乱”，以反对美国放牧地管理政策。随着秉持新自由主义和新保守主义的里根总统上台，美国放牧地管理2 政策开始回调。草地的放牧用途在草地管理中的地位回升。环保组织此时转向法庭诉讼来推动美国公共土地保护。 6，近期，美国政府通过信贷、保险、补贴等经济手段调节私有草地的生态环境，但是效果不甚理想。美国环保利益集团基于市场化生态补偿的“购买—禁牧”模式，没有取得法律地位。 7，美国放牧地管理政策的创立、发展和回调，与美国政治经济潮流密切相关。 最后，本文总结了美国放牧地管理政策中一些值得我国借鉴的方面。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Plant ecology, plant geography submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract： Aims The concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has considerably increased over last century and is set to rise further. Forest ecosystems play a key role in reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and mitigating global climate change. Our objective is to understand carbon storage and its distribution in forest ecosystems in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods By using the 8th forest resource inventory data and 2011–2012 field investigation data, we estimated carbon storage, density and its distribution in forest ecosystems of Zhejiang Province. Important findings The carbon storage of forest ecosystems in Zhejiang Province was 602.73 Tg, of which 122.88 Tg in tree layer, 16.73 Tg in shrub-herb layer, 11.36 Tg in litter layer and 451.76 Tg in soil layer accounting for 20.39%, 2.78%, 1.88% and 74.95% of the total carbon storage, respectively. The carbon storage of mixed broadleaved forests was 138.03 Tg which ranked the largest (22.91%) among all forest types. The young and middle aged forests which accounted for 70.66% of the total carbon storage were the main body of carbon storage in Zhejiang Province. The carbon density of forest ecosystems in Zhejiang Province was 120.80 t·hm–2 and that in tree layer, shrub-herb layer, litter layer and soil layer were 24.65 t·hm–2, 3.36 t·hm–2, 2.28 t·hm–2 and 90.51 t·hm–2, respectively. The significant relationship between soil organic carbon storage and forest ecosystem carbon storage indicates that soil carbon played an important role in shaping forest ecosystem carbon density. Carbon density of tree layer increased with age in natural forests, but decreased in the order over-mature >near-mature >mature >middle-aged >young forest in plantations. The proportions of young and middle aged forests were larger than any other age classes. Thereby, the carbon storage of forest ecosystems in Zhejiang Province could be increased through a proper forest management.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Plant ecology, plant geography submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract： Aims To clarify the status of the carbon storage of forest ecosystem at different ages in Anhui Province, and to identify the maximum carbon sequestration potential of climax forest controlled by current natural environment conditions. Methods Field investigation method and BIOME4 model. Important findings At present, the total carbon storage of forests in Anhui Province is 714.5 Tg C, including 402.1 Tg C in vegetation and 312.4 Tg C in soil. Generally, the total and vegetation carbon density always present an increasing trend in the natural growth process of forest ecosystems in Anhui Province. Soil carbon density increases at the periods from young to near mature forests, but decreases gradually after near mature forest. Young and middle-aged forests account for 75% of the total forests area in Anhui Province, and there will be a potential additional carbon of 125.4 Tg C in case of young and middle-aged forests developing to near mature stand stage. Results from BIOME4 simulation showed that there will be a potential additional carbon of 245.7 Tg C (i.e. total carbon sequestration), including vegetation carbon sequestration of 153.7 Tg C, and soil carbon sequestration of 92 Tg C if forests develop to climax forest ecosystems in Anhui Province.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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