Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-11 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在探讨固态酶制剂评估中酶的适宜提取液及固–液分离方法。采用4×3双因素完全随机设计，其中提取液分别为去离子水、乙酸–乙酸钠缓冲液（0.1 mol/L，pH 5.50）、磷酸盐缓冲液（0.05 mol/L，pH 6.00）和0.9%NaCl溶液；溶液提取后的固–液分离方法分别为不分离、3 000 r/min离心3 min和中速滤纸过滤。每个处理5个重复，每个重复设2个平行，测定各个处理下酶的活性，并考察提取液的类型对酶制剂产品（α–半乳糖苷酶除外）溶解离心后溶液中溶质及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明，磷酸盐缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶后活性最高（P0.05），且均显著地高于去离子水（P0.05）。酶制剂溶解后的固–液分离方法对木聚糖酶的测定活性无显著性影响（P>0.05）；提取液离心或过滤后β–葡聚糖酶活性最高（P<0.05）；提取液离心后β–甘露聚糖酶活性最高（P<0.05）；而提取液不分离时α–半乳糖苷酶的活性最高（P<0.05）。提取液的种类和酶制剂溶解后的固–液分离方法对4种非淀粉多糖酶的测定活性有极显著的交互作用（P<0.01）。乙酸–乙酸钠缓冲液对木聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大（P<0.05），去离子水和0.9%NaCl溶液均对β–葡聚糖酶及β–甘露聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大（P<0.05）。然而，乙酸–乙酸钠缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶、β–葡聚糖酶、β–甘露聚糖酶后提取液中蛋白质的含量均最低（P<0.05）。上述结果表明，乙酸–乙酸钠缓冲液溶解4种固态酶制剂可以最有效地将酶蛋白提取出来，α–半乳糖苷酶提取后不宜固液分离，而其他3种酶的提取液适宜进行离心分离。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-23 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：基于体外酶法的仿生消化技术评定猪饲料的营养价值已被丹麦、荷兰、法国等发达国家所认同，但该技术仍未脱离传统方法以水解活性无法重复的胰液素为模拟消化液酶源，以“三角瓶+摇床”为全手工测试工具的研究思路。因此，在酶法的创新上，模拟消化液制备的生物学背景与标准化，以及建立规范化的体外模拟消化工具一直是该研究领域的核心与难点。本文综述了国内外猪模拟消化技术的最新研究进展，并对动物营养学国家重点实验室在此方面的研究成果进行了总结和介绍。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Social exclusion exists widely, is a phenomenon that is ostracized or rejected by a group or an individual. It not only impairs people's needs of belonging and relationship but also has a negative impact on human cognition, affection, and behavior. For example, previous studies found that social exclusion could impair the cognitive function because people need to use their self-control resources to regulate the negative emotions resulting from social exclusion. Therefore, it is hard for excluded people to make rational judgments in decision-making which requires more cognitive resources. There were also empirical studies indicating that people tended to risk-seeking in risk decision-making tasks after been excluded. Intertemporal decision-making is a particular type of decision-making. It requires people to choose between the options occurring at different points of time, especially between present and future options. Though there was a high similarity between intertemporal decision-making and risk decision-making in theoretical development and neural basis, whether and how social exclusion affects intertemporal decision-making is largely unknown. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the effect of social exclusion on intertemporal decision-making and its potential mechanism. From the perspective of the process, intertemporal decision-making could be divided into evaluation and selection stages. This research concluded that there are two mechanisms of social exclusion affect intertemporal decision-making which respectively in the evaluation and selection stages. And this research concluded two mechanisms of social exclusion that affect intertemporal decision-making, respectively, in these two stages. Thus, we constructed a two-stage model to explain how social exclusion affects intertemporal decision-making. Intertemporal decision-making is closely related to the time of delay. Previous studies revealed that social exclusion would impair the time perception of the excluded people. Considering the importance of time perception for intertemporal decision-making, it would be with a great possibility that social exclusion would lengthen the excludeds’ time perception at the valuation stage, therefore reduce their subjective value of the delay option. Then the excluded people had to regulate their negative emotions by consuming self-control resources at the selection stage. While the reduction of self-control resources may weaken the control capability and make excluded people unable to resist the urge for immediate options, consequently, result in the high discount rate of intertemporal decision-making. We tried to buffer the negative effect of social exclusion and improve the intertemporal decision-making capability of the excluded people. Based on the two-stage model, time perception and self-control could mediate the effect between social exclusion and intertemporal decision-making. So, the key point is to recover the time perception and self-control resource damaged by social exclusion. Some studies indicated that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rvlPFC) was a crucial brain region that can regulate a range of negative effects of social exclusion, the activation of rvlPFC would significantly reduce the negative emotion and aggressive behavior in the social exclusion. Therefore, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS, a non-invasive brain stimulation technology) would be used to activate the rvlPFC of the excluded people. We assumed that the activation of rvlPFC would normalize their time perception and recover their self-control resource. Moreover, social exclusion is a dynamic situation, the effect of the short-term exclusion has highly possible be different from the long-term exclusion. So, this research would also distinguish the short-term and long-term exclusion and give them the respective study. The results of this research would reveal how interpersonal factors affect the intertemporal choice and how to improve the excludeds' ability of intertemporal decision-making. The findings would have implications in helping the excluded people make rational decisions in life, such as health, education, marriage, savings, and improve their quality of life and personal achievement.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-09-07
Abstract： " Social exclusion exists widely, has a negative impact on human cognition, affection and behavior. It impairs individual’s cognitive function and results in difficulties in making rational judgements and decisions. Studies showed that people who experienced social exclusion tended towards risk seeking in risky decision making. Intertemporal decision-making is a particular type of decision-making and it has high similarity with risk decision-making in theoretical development and neural basis. However, whether and how social exclusion affects intertemporal decision-making is largely unknown. Our research aimed to reveal the potential mechanism of social exclusion that affects the two stages of intertemporal decision-making: evaluation and selection. Additionally, the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS, a non-invasive brain stimulation technology) would be applied to stimulate the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rvlPFC) which can regulate a range of negative effects from social exclusion, so as to improve the excluded’s intertemporal decision-making capability. The results of this study would shed light on how interpersonal factors affect the intertemporal choice and how to improve the excludeds' ability of intertemporal decision-making, consequently, benefit their quality of life and personal achievement. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-25 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究饲粮粗纤维水平和采食时间对生长猪肠道各段食糜通过速度的影响，为体外模拟消化过程的设置提供生理学依据。试验采用2´2完全随机设计，饲粮粗纤维水平分别为3.39%和5.56%，采食时间分别08:00和16:00。选择体重（21.90±1.62） kg的大×长二元杂交去势公猪24头，随机分成4组，每组6个重复，每个重复1头猪，随机选择其中2组在十二指肠安装T型套管，另2组在回肠末端安装T型套管。测定饲粮中三氧化二铁在十二指肠、回肠末端及全消化道的出现与消失时间。结果表明：1）以食糜中指示剂颜色出现作为通过速度计时，饲粮粗纤维水平对食糜在十二指肠、回肠末端及全消化道的通过速度均有显著影响（P0.05），两者对食糜在十二指肠的通过速度有显著交互作用（P0.05），对全消化道通过速度有显著的交互效应（P<0.05）。与3.39%饲粮粗纤维水平相比，5.56%饲粮粗纤维水平使食糜的通过速度显著加快（P<0.05），08:00采食的食糜通过速度显著快于16:00采食的食糜通过速度（P<0.05）。由此可见，5.56%饲粮粗纤维水平能够提高食糜在猪消化道各段的通过速度；08:00采食的食糜通过速度高于16:00采食的食糜通过速度。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-11-07 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在建立单胃动物仿生消化系统模拟猪饲料原料消化后还原糖释放量的测定方法，为饲料养分生物学效价的评估提供参考。还原糖释放量与饲粮上样量的线性关系研究以玉米-豆粕型饲粮（75%玉米+25%豆粕）为研究对象，上样量设0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 g 5个处理，每个处理4个重复，每个重复1根消化管；方法的重复性检验以玉米-豆粕饲粮、大麦、花生粕和米糠为研究对象，每个样品设3个批次，每个批次4个重复；方法的可加性检验设19个处理，其中处理1～7分别为玉米、大麦、高粱、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕和米糠饲粮，处理8～19为2种或2种以上饲料原料按不同比例组合制备的12种饲粮，每个处理4个重复，每个重复1根消化管，在仿生消化系统中模拟猪消化后测定各处理的还原糖释放量。结果表明：饲粮上样量在0.2~0.8 g时，还原糖总释放量与上样量呈显著的线性关系（R2=0.999 2），还原糖相对释放量在559.56～582.70 mg/g DM变化，变异系数为1.66%，而上样量为1.0 g时，还原糖相对释放量比上样量为0.2～0.8 g时的平均值下降5.37%；3个批次的大麦、花生粕、米糠和玉米-豆粕饲粮的还原糖释放量的批内变异系数、批间变异系数和总变异系数均不大于1.68%，批间最大相对偏差分别为0.68%、1.50%、1.39%和0.29%；12种饲粮还原糖释放量的实测值显著高于计算值（P<0.05），而还原糖释放量的计算值与实测值的线性回归模型与y=x相重合（截距P=0.480 5；斜率P=0.514 1）。由此得出，当饲粮上样量在0.2～0.8 g时，上样量与还原糖释放量呈显著线性关系；仿生消化法测定饲料中还原糖释放量的重复性和可加性满足定量分析的基本要求。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2019-08-02 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》
Abstract：基于通过历史文献资料重建的1470—1911年黄河中下游地区36个站点的历史旱涝等级序列和矢量化的历史地图，利用EOF、REOF方法分析旱涝灾害空间特征。EOF方法展开的结果表明：前4个模态累计方差贡献率为71.85%，主要表现为第一、二、四特征向量场呈经向带状分布，第三特征向量场呈纬向分布；第一特征向量场的空间分布均为正值，说明黄河中下游地区的旱涝变化具有一致性，但是其余各特征向量场之间特点差异明显，说明在不同背景场和影响条件下，旱涝变化还存在较多局域性特征；REOF展开的结果可将黄河中下游地区旱涝划分为5个典型的敏感气候分区，这为进一步研究该区旱涝变化的区域性特征奠定了基础。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-23 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在比较摄食浒苔和人工饵料的点篮子鱼幼鱼肌肉营养成分。试验选择180尾体质健壮、规格一致的点篮子鱼幼鱼，设置2个饵料组（浒苔组和人工饵料组），分别投喂浒苔鲜样和人工饵料，每组3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼，试验期90 d。结果表明：1）浒苔组点篮子鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和相对增长率均显著低于人工饵料组(P0.05)。2）浒苔组和人工饵料组点篮子鱼幼鱼的氨基酸组成基本一致，均检出17种氨基酸，必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为76.72和70.05，其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。3）浒苔组点篮子鱼幼鱼脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)+二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和3多不饱和脂肪酸含量(3PUFA)含量均显著高于人工饵料组(P<0.05)。从以上结果可见，2组点篮子鱼幼鱼均含有多种营养组成，但从EAAI及EPA+DHA、3PUFA含量来看，浒苔组点篮子鱼的各种必需氨基酸和重要多不饱和脂肪酸营养均较优，摄食浒苔后的点篮子鱼味道鲜美，并具有较高的食用价值和保健作用。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-25 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在探讨单胃动物仿生消化系统（SDS-2）消化条件及测定结果在不同实验室间的再现性。采用单因素完全随机设计，共4个实验室处理。将玉米、大豆粕粉碎过60目筛后，分发至4个实验室。每个实验室选用1台SDS-2，每台SDS-2设定2个仿生消化组测定其缓冲液流速、消化液流速、清洗液流速。通过温度传感器分别测定酶促反应室、缓冲液控温室、消化液储存室温度的变化曲线，通过电磁传感器测定混合频率的变化曲线。根据SDS-2操作技术规程，测定玉米及大豆粕的酶水解物能值。结果表明：1）不同实验室间小肠和大肠消化液流速有显著性差异（P0.05）。实验室内同一台SDS-2的2个仿生消化组间的胃、小肠、大肠缓冲液流速和清洗液流速均有显著性差异（P0.05）。大豆粕干物质消化率的实验室内、实验室间变异系数以及总变异系数分别为1.30%、2.23%和2.52%，酶水解物能值对应变异系数分别为0.89%、1.43%和1.64%，且实验室间有显著性差异（P<0.01）。由此可见，实验室间SDS-2小肠液、大肠液流速的差异并不导致饲料酶水解物能值测定结果的差异。各实验室SDS-2开机运行60 min以上可以达到一致的消化条件。实验室间玉米酶水解物能值测定的再现性高于大豆粕，2个饲料酶水解物能值的实验室总变异系数都可控制在1.64%以内，具有满意的再现性，达到定量分析要求。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-23 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在探讨玉米干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）有效能值估测模型中定标样品的选择原则。从23个玉米DDGS样品（定义为全样品库）中按酶水解物能值（EHGE）相差0.21 MJ/kg左右的梯度选择9个定标玉米DDGS样品，定义为选择性样品库；将剩余的14个玉米DDGS样品定义为非选择性样品库。然后，比较选择性样品库与非选择性样品库化学成分含量及变异的差异，以及通过全样品库和选择性样品库分别建立其化学成分对EHGE之间的回归模型，比较根据回归模型计算得到的非选择性样品库EHGE的差异。结果表明，选择性样品库和非选择性样品库的玉米DDGS在粗蛋白质（CP）、粗灰分（Ash）、粗脂肪（EE）、粗纤维（CF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量及EHGE平均值上均无显著性差异（P>0.05），CP、Ash、EE、CF、ADF、NDF含量及EHGE的变异方差上均无显著性差异（P0.05）。综上所述，在玉米DDGS有效能值的估测建模中，以EHGE作为定标样品的选择依据是可行的。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平与纤维来源对生长猪盲肠液消化酶活性及水解能力的影响，为生长猪大肠消化液的模拟提供参考。试验一考察饲粮的蛋白质水平（饲粮1和饲粮2粗蛋白质含量分别为19.03%和13.96%）对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响。采用完全随机设计，将12头在盲肠安装瘘管的生长猪按体重随机分为2组，每组6个重复，每个重复1头猪，预试期5 d，试验期10 d。试验二在试验一结束并经过10 d恢复期后考察饲粮的纤维来源（饲粮3：玉米-大豆皮饲粮；饲粮4：玉米-麦麸饲粮）对生长猪盲肠液组成的影响，试验设计同试验一。试验三在试验一和试验二获得猪盲肠食糜的基础上考察盲肠液的来源与底物对还原糖释放量的影响。采用4×8两因素完全随机设计，盲肠液来源设4个处理，分别为试验猪饲喂饲粮1、饲粮2、饲粮3和饲粮4后收集的盲肠液；底物为8个处理包括饲粮1~饲粮4，2个玉米-豆粕饲粮（饲粮5和饲粮6）和饲喂饲粮5和饲粮6后获得的回肠冻干食糜。每个处理5个重复，每个重复1根消化管。结果表明：1）高蛋白质饲粮（饲粮1）与低蛋白质饲粮（饲粮2）相比显著降低猪盲肠食糜干物质含量（P≤0.05），饲粮蛋白质水平对盲肠液pH以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性无显著影响（P＞0.05）；2）饲粮纤维来源对猪盲肠食糜干物质含量、pH以及纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性均无显著影响（P＞0.05）；3）盲肠液来源和底物对还原糖释放量均有显著的影响（P<0.05），且两者对还原糖释放量有显著的互作效应（P<0.05），盲肠液中水解酶活性高，饲粮纤维含量低，则盲肠液体外消化后还原糖释放量多。盲肠液中木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、中性蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性影响了对饲粮的消化能力，而木聚糖酶与淀粉酶活性影响了对回肠末端食糜的消化能力。由此表明，饲粮营养水平虽然对生长猪盲肠液中6种水解酶活性影响未达到统计学显著性，但多种水解酶微小的差异叠加后引起了水解能力的差异。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-10 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究试验鸡不同季节、不同批次间内源总能的变异及其对饲料原料真代谢能值的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计，分春季、夏季和秋季3季共计12个批次测定鸡内源总能及其对饲料原料[玉米、玉米干酒糟（DDGS）、木薯干和木薯渣]真代谢能值的影响，每个批次设4个重复，每个重复3只鸡。将各季节内各批次内源总能的平均值作为该季节内源总能，并根据不同季节的内源总能分别计算其对4种饲料原料真代谢能值的影响。结果表明：1）12个测定批次间48 h内源总能差异显著（P0.05），因此，可将测定季节内各个批次间48 h内源总能数据合并，将其平均值作为该季48 h内源总能。2）对比3个季节间的48 h内源总能，秋季48 h内源总能（67.97 kJ/只）极显著低于春季（83.07 kJ/只）和夏季（79.90 kJ/只）（P0.05）。3）季节内48 h内源总能与48 h内源干物质排泄量呈极显著正相关（r≥0.91，P<0.01）。4）在玉米、玉米DDGS、木薯干及木薯渣4种饲料原料中，不同季节48 h内源总能的最大变化量分别占饲料总能排泄量的7.36%~8.38%、2.68%~2.94%、7.92%~10.86%和3.53%~3.96%，不同季节48 h内源总能的变异引起饲料原料真代谢能值的变化范围为0.28~0.36 kJ/g。由此可见，鸡内源总能在季节间存在一定的变异，但是该变异对饲料原料真代谢能值的计算并无显著影响。
Subjects: Energy Science >> Energy Science （General） submitted time 2017-05-15
Abstract：河盆地有无天然气一直是地学界研究的热点问题之一，而该问题的关键是有无气源岩的存在。为进一步评价因缺乏有效烃源岩而停顿多年的渭河盆地的油气地质前景，结合区域地质背景，通过二维地震反射特征、地热井伴生气及油气化探的CH4、CO2碳同位素数据和钻探成果综合分析，认为渭河盆地深部残留有晚古生代含煤地层：①二维地震反射剖面揭示，渭河盆地深部发育类似鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系—二叠系煤系地层特有的强反射特征（T9），对应于太原组9#、8#和山西组4#、3#主力煤层反射；②地热井伴生气及油气化探样品中δ13CH4在-24.5‰ ~ -40.2‰之间，属于煤型热解—裂解气，大多数样品δ13 Cco2＜-10‰，属有机成因气；③渭参3井揭示盆内存在上古生界二叠系石盒子组，推测下部存在山西组和太原组地层；④渭河盆地在晚古生代为大华北克拉通的一部分，沉积有煤系地层，三叠纪末期开始遭受一定的隆升剥蚀，至新生代渭河断陷盆地开始形成，盆地周缘发生大规模隆升剥蚀，而渭河盆地内这一时期接受了巨厚沉积，前新生代地层（上古生代煤系地层等）得以保存和深埋，即构造演化的差异造成了不同构造单元地层剥蚀和残留程度的差异。综合认为晚古生代煤系地层甚至更晚层位存在于渭河盆地的西安凹陷、固市凹陷和咸渭凸起的部分区域。渭河盆地晚古生代含煤地层可作为油气及氦气载体气的气源岩，为渭河盆地油气及富氦天然气勘探提供了物质基础，同时可为鄂尔多斯周缘断陷盆地群油气资源调查提供借鉴。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-06-07 Cooperative journals: 《天文学进展》
Abstract： Space-borne atomic clocks are crucial components of the navigation satellites, whose performance determines the timing and positioning precision of the satellite navigation system directly. The rubidium atomic clocks are widely used in the navigation system for its small size, light weight, low power and high reliability. The performance of rubidium atomic clocks on-board BeiDou III satellites was analyzed based on the satellite-ground clock offset. First, we converted the clock offset to fractional frequency offset, and then essentially estimated the frequency drifts and frequency stabilities of the rubidium atomic clocks. The results show that nearly all rubidium atomic clocks have negative frequency drifts, which are better than 2 × 10−13 d−1. The absolute value of the frequency drift was decreasing slowly, and the amplitude was on the order of 10−15 in the early stage of operation, and the frequency drift was nearly unchanged after working more than 2 years. The estimation showed that the rubidium clock was of typical performance of 4 × 10−13 for 1 000 s, and 1 × 10−13 and 3 × 10−14 for 10 000 s and day stability respectively. The estimated results differed largely from the test results on the ground. The estimated results are mostly the noise limit introduced during clock signal transmission, failing to reflect the true level of stabilities of rubidium atomic clocks.
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