Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Public emergencies refer to social events that occur suddenly, cause, or may cause serious social harm and require emergency measures in dealing with them. Previous studies have focused on the psychological and behavioral responses of individuals during public emergencies. However, most of these studies have focused on describing psychological phenomena rather than exploring psychological mechanisms. Thus, the present article proposes that compensatory control theory can be used as a basic theoretical framework to understand a series of psychological and behavioral manifestations of individuals in the context of public emergencies. The core idea of this theory is that when individuals lack a sense of control, they tend to show a variety of reactions that have a common motivation; that is seeking structure. We analyzed the applicability of compensatory control theory to explain individuals’ psychological performance in the context of public emergencies from four perspectives. First, after major public emergencies occur, conspiracy theories on the cause of the event often follow. From the perspective of compensatory control theory, when individuals’ sense of control is threatened due to the occurrence of public emergencies, they tend to form conspiratorial thinking to some extent. Hence, they are eager to obtain a sense of order or structure to compensate. Since it is often difficult for authorities to immediately give a definitive answer about the cause of the incident, the conspiracy theory is often believed, which satisfies people’s search for causality and certainty. Second, during public emergencies, people tend to believe in and spread rumors. From the perspective of compensatory control theory, this can also be interpreted as individuals’ need to obtain a sense of structure brought about by deterministic information in a crisis, which leads to blind acceptance of unreliable information. Third, people exposed to public emergencies will also show stronger concern for moral issues, which, according to the compensatory control theory, is an individual’s search for certain social values. Further, the need for order and structure still matters when focusing on values. By emphasizing the objective standard of morality and strengthening the value that they believe in, people can achieve a sense of structure and order to some extent and thus, compensate for the lack of perceived control. Finally, in the context of public emergencies, there is another typical public behavior: irrational buying and hoarding of commodities required for daily life or event protection materials. This phenomenon can also be partially attributed to the performance of the individual need for structure. Due to the lack of a sense of control, individuals need to satisfy their internal needs for control and order through the possession of tangible material resources, which leads to their irrational purchasing behavior. These typical symptoms (belief in conspiracy theories, spreading rumors, moral concerns, and irrational hoarding) can also be explained by other social psychological theories to some extent. For example, by analyzing an individual’s fear of death and the worldview defense process used to overcome this fear, terror management theory can explain an individual’s focus on moral values. Similarly, the uncertainty management theory and meaning maintenance model can also explain some psychological and behavioral reactions of individuals in public emergencies. However, we believe that compensatory control theory has a unique advantage in understanding the above phenomena. This is because it has a clearer definition of antecedents (lack of perceived control) and consequences (need for structure) and shows a wide range of explanatory power and cross-cultural applicability. We suggest that in future studies, people’s psychological and behavioral responses to public emergencies should be further explored from the perspective of compensatory control. In addition, future research should delve deeper to explore this issue from theoretical, empirical, and practical perspectives.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Collective narcissism is the group-level equivalent of individual narcissism and is currently defined as the belief that one's own group is exceptional and entitled to privileged treatment but it is not sufficiently recognized by others. Current research findings show that it has relatively strong explanatory power for intergroup hostility, because collective narcissists are hypersensitive to threats to their in-group image, status, or identity, and are prone to overestimate threats and suspect out-groups; and that lacking sense of self-worth and personal control is one important source of collective narcissism. After reviewing the past research on collective narcissism, combined with latest progress in the field of individual narcissism, this paper proposes several important questions that remain to be investigated in the field of collective narcissism. First, does collective narcissism necessarily entail vulnerability? Currently, collective narcissism tends to be understood as collective self-esteem that is contingent on admiration and recognition from others. This suggests that collective narcissists are generally conceived to be fragile internally, in that it is because of the vulnerability implicit in their own beliefs—or in other words, their own lack of confidence in their in-group's exceptional image—that they are prone to demand external affirmation or recognition. However, vulnerability may not be a necessary attribute of collective narcissism because there may be collective narcissism that is not fragile, just as there may be individual narcissism that is not fragile. Therefore, researchers may consider appropriately narrowing the connotation of collective narcissism to expand its denotation so as to explore more diverse forms of collective narcissism, such as collective narcissism with and without vulnerability. Second, is the structure of collective narcissism one-dimensional? If not, what dimensions does it have? Although the most widely used collective narcissism scale has a one-dimensional structure, recent studies have developed and validated collective narcissism scales with a multidimensional structure. These studies are preliminary, however, and only suggest it is necessary to carry out multidimensional exploration. As for the exact structure of collective narcissism, further exploration is needed. And future research should not only explore the dimensions of collective narcissism, but also explore the sub-dimensions of both of vulnerable collective narcissism and grandiose collective narcissism. Third, are the consequences of collective narcissism always negative? The vast majority of current research has focused on revealing the negative effects of collective narcissism, and very few studies have directly examined and found positive effects of collective narcissism. However, according to E. Fromm's classical theoretical view, collective narcissism may also have its benign forms within certain limits, just as individual narcissism may also have an adaptive side. Therefore, future research should explore the effects of collective narcissism from a more complete theoretical perspective, and especially, examine more the positive effects of collective narcissism. Finally, does collective narcissism stem simply from frustrated individual needs? Although studies in recent years have begun to investigate the causes of collective narcissism, these studies largely focus on individual motivational factors and fail to examine them together with factors such as cognitions and sociocultural contexts. Future research may draw on ideas from theories such as system justification theory, social identity theory, and self-categorization theory to explore a more complete explanation for the phenomenon of collective narcissism. In summary, after more than a decade of research, there are still many theoretically meaningful questions in the field of collective narcissism that deserve further exploration. And in today's world, such exploration also has profound practical significance, and it may bring a wealth of insights into how to deal with the struggles of various social groups for recognition.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Severe economic inequality can damage individuals' physical and mental health at the micro level; at the macro level, it hinders social mobility and threatens social equity and stability. At the current high level of economic inequality, income redistribution policy is an important means of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and promoting common prosperity. The formulation and effective implementation of redistribution policies cannot be separated from the support of all social strata, but research evidence from different disciplines shows that the upper class tends to be less supportive of redistribution than the lower class. Based on previous studies, this review proposes a mechanism and intervention model of low redistribution preference among higher social classes. According to the model, economic self-interest and system-justifying beliefs in motivation; the perception of economic inequality; the attribution of the wealth gap; and stereotypes in cognition, compassion, and status anxiety in emotion are the mediating factors that affect the redistribution preference of the upper class. To improve the dilemma of redistribution, three levels must be targeted: at the individual level, humility and compassion should be promoted; at the intergroup level, the focus should be on changing negative stereotypes of disadvantaged groups and the perspective of economic inequality; and at the social level, the focus should be on changing the cultural values of classes. More specifically, (1) improving humility can strengthen the egalitarian tendency of the upper class and weaken support for economic inequality, while reducing the endogenous attribution tendency of the wealth gap. Therefore, improving the humility of the upper class can help improve support for redistribution; (2) counter stereotype intervention can help the higher classes relate to the disadvantaged situation of the lower classes, which, in turn, affects their redistribution bias; (3) the inequality framing effect can, on the one hand, reduce the endogenous attribution tendency of the inequality gap among the upper class, and, on the other hand, increase the support of the upper class for redistribution policy due to the negative influence of inequality framing on the self-esteem of the group; (4) compassion training based on meditation, thinking, and behavioral training can improve redistribution preference by activating the medial orbitofrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex; and (5) advocating for an equal and just social culture in society as a whole and changing the arrogance that can be found in the cultural value orientation of the higher classes will help to promote their redistribution preference. Several problems in the relationship between class and redistribution bias deserve further discussion. First, the upper classes also exhibit pro-redistribution behavior. Risk aversion, inequality aversion, and altruism may influence this phenomenon. The lower classes may also not support redistribution policies, which may be influenced by subjective identity biases, social mobility expectations, system justification, and welfare stigma. Second, the interaction between motivation, cognition, and emotion must be clarified and investigated. These factors do not always work in isolation but work together through mutual reinforcement and influence. As far as the perception of economic inequality among cognitive factors is concerned, its effects may be influenced by motivational factors. In addition, at the individual and social levels, other factors also deserve attention, such as the sense of psychological entitlement and cultural differences that exist at the social level. Third, the effectiveness of existing intervention strategies should be more comprehensively and rigorously investigated and verified by combining laboratory and field experiments, and horizontal and longitudinal studies. In addition, the differences between different social strata on the principles of fairness preference, the principle of fairness on redistribution towards the applicability problem situation, how to promote an understanding of the negative social consequences of economic inequality to society as a whole, how to change economic inequality as a personal problem, and individualistic discourse problems deserve attention in the future.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： A large number of studies conducted in Europe and the Americas have explored the negative relationships between social class and redistributive preferences in recent years. However, few studies have addressed the cross-cultural consistency or explored the internal mechanism and intervention strategies of the effects of social class on redistributive preferences. The present study aimed to systematically and deeply explore the relationships between social class and redistributive preferences through three studies in the context of Chinese society. Study 1 explored the direct relationship between social class and redistributive preferences. Based on national data from the Chinese General Social Survey of 2015, 8376 participants from all provinces and autonomous regions of China and indexes of measuring social class and redistributive preferences were obtained. Based on the inequality maintenance model of social class, Study 2 further explored the mediating role of attribution for the rich-poor gap between social class and redistributive preferences. 621 urban and rural residents were investigated by using objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) scales, a rich-poor attribution questionnaire, and a redistributive preferences scale. Study 3 was devoted to exploring the intervention effect of humility on the redistributive preferences of the upper social classes. A sample of 103 undergraduates from the upper social class were randomly assigned to humility priming group or control group. The results showed that all social class indexes can strongly and negatively predict redistributive preferences, meaning that, as in Western society, upper social-class Chinese individuals also tend to have lower redistributive preferences than those from lower social classes. In addition, the influences of social class on redistributive preferences could be partly mediated through the attribution for the rich-poor gap. Compared with individuals from a subjectively lower class, upper-class individuals tended to attribute the gap between rich and poor to internal causes. That is to say, they tended to attribute the rich-poor gap to personal factors, such as abilities, efforts, and ambition. This attitude lowered upper-class individuals’ redistributive preferences even further. Finally, a short video was used to prime participants’ feelings of humility. Compared with a control group that watched a neutral video, those upper-class undergraduates who watched life stories of people with humble qualities experienced higher states of emotional humility. Priming a humble state lowered their tendency to attribute the gap between rich and poor to internal causes, and further improved their redistributive preferences to a significant extent. In conclusion, these three studies deeply explore the relationships between social class and redistributive preferences in the context of Chinese society. Combined with other studies performed in Western societies, these results showed that, to some extent, the negative relationship between social class and redistributive preferences is cross-cultural. The exploration of this mechanism provides supporting data and enrichment for the inequality maintenance model of social class. The finding that humility is an important intervention strategy will further insight into social redistribution. These results suggest that, in order to render the benefits of economic development accessible to more people, social governance could cultivate individual humility through moral education, cultural development, and fostering a community spirit.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-16
Abstract：补偿性控制理论指出，当面临控制感的缺乏时，个体会表现出一种需求秩序的倾向，即努力寻求客观世界的秩序，对于具有秩序性、确定性、可预测性的物理或抽象事物表现出偏好与需求，这种表现被称为补偿性控制。基于突发公共事件常会引发人们控制感暂时的下降，补偿性控制理论的视角可以用来解释个体在突发公共事件中的一系列典型心理反应。如阴谋论信念、谣言传播、道德争论和非理性囤积，都可以从补偿性控制与秩序需求的角度来加以理解。未来研究可以更多考虑从补偿性控制的角度探讨突发公共事件中的公众心理反应，并基于此视角加强理论深化、研究细化和实践干预。
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-15
Abstract：
Collective narcissism is the group-level equivalent of individual narcissism and is currently defined as the belief that one’s own group is exceptional and entitled to privileged treatment but it is not sufficiently recognized by others. Current research findings show that it has relatively strong explanatory power for intergroup hostility, because collective narcissists are hypersensitive to threats to their in-group image, status, or identity, and are prone to overestimate threats and suspect out-groups; and that lacking sense of self-worth and personal control is one important source of collective narcissism. Although collective narcissism is preconceived in current research as fragile and negative, its attributes are not necessarily so. Thus, future studies on it should first clarify its concept and structure; then, continue to explore its negative and positive consequences, its multiple causes and interventions; and in the meantime, advance cross-cultural research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-12-21
Abstract： Social class is an important factor that affects redistribution preference. Some studies have found that compared with the lower classes, the upper class has a lower redistribution preference. Based on previous studies, this review proposes a mechanism and intervention model of low redistribution preference among people of a higher social class. According to the model, economic self-interest and system-justifying beliefs in motivation; the perception of economic inequality; the attribution of the wealth gap; and stereotypes in cognition, empathy, and status anxiety in emotion are the mediating factors that affect the redistribution preference of the upper class. Cultivating the upper class’s humility, employing counter stereotype interventions , take advantage of the inequality framing effect, enhancing compassion, and changing the cultural values of the upper class can help enhance the redistribution preference of the upper class. Future research should pay more attention to the charitable behavior of the upper class and the refusal of some lower classes to redistribute, further investigate and improve the mechanism of this model, and explore strategies to promote the redistribution preference of the upper class.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-07-14 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：荒漠河岸带植被在维护极端干旱区生态稳定起着极其重要的作用，研究干旱区荒漠河岸带植被对生态输水的响应及其变化过程，对生态保育恢复及输水政策制定具有重要意义。本文以塔里木河下游流域内的荒漠河岸带植被为研究对象，利用Landsat8 OLI、Sentinel-2A等数据构建植被覆被数据与典型监测断面植被指数时序数据，分析2013—2018年荒漠河岸带植被时空变化特征，并结合地下水位数据分析荒漠河岸带植被对生态输水的响应。结果表明：2013—2018年间，塔里木河下游植被面积呈持续的增加趋势，其中灌木面积恢复最大。胡杨和草本距离河岸较近，沿河岸带植被恢复的区域分布位于距离河道1.0km和2.5km的范围，而灌木林恢复区域在双通道输水措施和地下水上升的影响下，沿河岸11km范围内的灌木均呈现不同程度增加。通过对不同生态断面的3种主要植被的长势分析表明，当地下水埋深大于-5.75m时，塔里木河下游植被出现明显改善。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-19 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：利用遥感、水文、气象、统计年鉴等数据，基于水量平衡原理建立以生态耗水为主要水资源约束条件的耕地适宜规模模型，以渭干河流域为研究对象，估算1990—2017年4期耕地适宜面积并评价其开发潜力。结果表明：① 1990—2017年渭干河流域耕地面积持续增加，其转化来源以灌木林、草地为主。② 流域水源主要来自地表径流与可利用降水，流域耗水以生态耗水为主。③ 来水量、作物种植结构与节水灌溉是影响适宜耕地面积估算的主要因素。④ 1990年耕地达到相对饱和状态；2000年耕地水平不稳定，其扩张影响生态环境的平衡；随着作物种植结构调整与节水灌溉普及，2010、2017年实际耕地面积远小于其当年来水量下适宜耕地面积，未来耕地具有较大开发潜力。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验通过在基础饲粮中添加不同水平的硫酸锌，研究其对京红蛋鸡产蛋高峰期产蛋性能和组织中金属硫蛋白含量的影响。选择20周龄540只健康产蛋高峰期的京红蛋鸡，随机分为6个组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（含锌25 mg/kg），试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加25、50、75、100和125 mg/kg硫酸锌（以锌计）。预试期2周，正试期24周。结果显示：1）在基础饲粮中添加不同水平的硫酸锌对整个试验期的产蛋率、平均日耗料量、平均蛋重、料蛋比和死淘率均无显著影响（P>0.05）；2）在基础饲粮中添加不同水平的硫酸锌显著提高了胸肌中金属硫蛋白含量（P0.05）；3）二次曲线回归预测，京红蛋鸡饲粮中硫酸锌添加水平为75 mg/kg时，整个产蛋高峰期平均日耗料量最低。结果提示，饲粮添加不同水平硫酸锌对京红蛋鸡产蛋高峰期产蛋性能无显著影响
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2017-12-07 Cooperative journals: 《南方医科大学学报》
Abstract： Objective To investigate the expression of transient receptor potential lvanilloidreceptor 4 (TRPV4) protein in pemphigus vulgaris (PV), bullous pemphigoid (BP), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), and explore the role of TRPV4 in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Methods TRPV4 protein in normal skin tissues and lesions of PV, BP, DH, and EBA were detected with immunohistochemistry. Results The positivity rate of TRPV4 protein expression was 61.90% in PV, 81.81% in BP, 72.22% in DH, and 68.42% in EBA. TRPV4-positive rates in these lesions were significantly lower than the rate in normal skin tissues (93.33%) and also differed significantly among these lesions (PV
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-23 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究饲粮添加壳寡糖（COS）对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。选用300只1日龄健康的爱拔益加（AA）雄性肉鸡，随机分为5组，每组6个重复，每个重复10只鸡。空白对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮，正对照组饲喂添加100 mg/kg金霉素的基础饲粮，试验组分别饲喂添加50、100和150 mg/kg COS的基础饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明，与空白对照组相比：1）饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的红度（a*）值（P＜0.05）。2）饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄血清总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性（P＜0.05），饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和T-SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性（P＜0.05），饲粮添加50 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性（P＜0.05）。３）饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄和22~42日龄空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度（P＜0.05）。4）饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著降低了回肠大肠杆菌数量（P＜0.05）。5）饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了肉鸡的平均日增重（P＜0.05）。由此可见，饲粮添加COS可提高肉鸡抗氧化性能，改善肉鸡肉品质和肠黏膜组织结构，并在一定程度上改善肠道菌群结构。COS在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加量为100 mg/kg。
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