Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The interaction between exogenous attention and multisensory integration is a complex and controversial topic, which has been debated for a long time. In order to explain the interaction mechanism between them, here we summarized two parts based on previous researches. First, exogenous attention can modulate multisensory integration in a bottom-up manner, including three hypotheses as spatial uncertainty, sensory sensitivity and the differences in unimodal signal strength. Second, multisensory integration can also modulate exogenous attention. On one hand, stimuli from multiple sense modalities can be automatically integrated in a bottom-up manner. The integrated multisensory events can capture attention more efficiently compared to unimodal events, even under quite complex circumstances. On the other hand, integrated multisensory events exert top-down control on attentional capture via multisensory signal templates that are stored in the brain.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： It causes a significant hazard to traffic safety the car drivers have been looking in the direction where the other road users were but have not perceived the presence of the other parties, which is called ‘looked-but-failed-to-see’ (LBFTS) error. This paper first analyzes the main factors which contribute to LBFTS from the perspective of both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms. That Computational Framework is not able to fully explained circumstances because of its insufficient consideration of driver’s practical experience, expectancy and attentional set. Therefore, the extended model of Computational Framework is proposed to offer comprehensive explanations to the LBFTS using bottom-up and top-down mechanisms.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： A comprehensive model of driver aggression is an integration of the "frustration-aggression" model and the general aggression model. It proposes that psychological processes could interact with personal factors and situational factors. Furthermore, influence mechanism of cognitive appraisals and emotional arousal on driver aggression clarified in this model. In simple terms, using this model has two advantages. First, it can help us to better understand the way that driver's aggression continues to escalate on the road. Second, it can better illustrate why the roles of perpetrator and victim become blurred In the case of aggressive road driving behavior. From what has been discussed above, this model can help us better determine the impact of aggressive driving behavior on traffic accidents and road safety. Finally, it is of great value to study the countermeasures of aggressive driving behavior.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Both audiovisual integration and inhibition of return (IOR) can facilitate the processing of sensory information, such as enhancing the perceptual processing. Previous studies found that IOR decreased the audiovisual integration at previously attended locations. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the effect of IOR on audiovisual integration: perceptual sensitivity, spatial uncertainty, and differences in unimodal signal strength. In present study, we used cue-target paradigm and manipulated the SOA conditions (400~600 ms vs. 1000~1200 ms) to investigate how audiovisual integration would be modulated by IOR induced by visual exogenous spatial cues.The current study was a 2 (SOA conditions: 400~600 ms, 1000~1200 ms) × 3 (target modalities: visual, auditory, audiovisual) × 2 (cue validities: cued, uncued) factorial design. Twenty-seven undergraduate students were recruited as paid volunteers from a university. The visual (V) target was a red and white block (1°×1°). The auditory (A) target (duration of 100 ms) was a 1000 Hz sinusoidal tone presented by speakers. The audiovisual (AV) target was composed by the simultaneous presentation of both the visual and the auditory stimuli. At the beginning of each trial, the fixation stimulus was presented for 800~1000 ms in the center of the display. Following the fixation stimulus, a visual white square served as a exogenous cue was presented for 50 ms at the left or right location randomly. Then, the fixation stimulus was randomly presented for 150~250/450~550 ms, which was followed by a central cue with a delay of 50 ms. Before the target (100 ms) occurrence, the fixation stimulus randomly appeared again for 150~250/450~550 ms. Thus, the SOA between the peripheral cue and the target was completed in 400~600/1000~1200 ms. The target (A, V, or AV) randomly appeared (6/7) for 100 ms in the left or right locations, or no stimulus appeared (1/7). During the experiment, participants were instructed to respond to the target stimulus at any possible locations by pressing a response button as quickly and accurately as possible.The results showed that the responses to AV targets were faster than V or A targets, indicating the appearance of the bimodal advancement effect. A smaller magnitude of audiovisual IOR as compared to visual IOR was found whether it’s in short or long SOA conditions. In addition, visual IOR effect was significantly reduced under the long SOA condition compared with the short SOA condition while the audiovisual integration effect increased by SOA. The results of the relative multisensory response enhancement (rMRE), race model (probability difference) and positive area under the curve (pAUC) showed that audiovisual integration decreased at cued compared to uncued locations under the short SOA condition but not the long SOA condition. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is assumed that visual IOR decreased the audiovisual integration in the short SOA, and audiovisual integration would be modulated by different SOA conditions. The current result supported the hypothesis of differences in unimodal signal strength.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Drivers’ selective attention causes a significant hazard to traffic safety. Car drivers looking in the direction of other road users do not always perceive the presence of other parties. This is called a “looked-but-failed- to-see” (LBFTS) error. According to the research on attention, task-specific features can make observers form an attention set to guide attention. However, can drivers be prevented from making LBFTS errors by giving them task-specific features? We assumed that task-specific features are only useful for experienced drivers because they have driving schemata. When novice drivers are trained in driving schemata, they can improve their ability to identify traffic information with the help of task-specific features. In this study, we conducted two experiments. The Tobii T120 eye tracker was used to record participants’ eye movements. Experiment 1 used a driving inattentional blindness task to investigate task-specific features' working conditions, and the drivers' main task was to watch 10 traffic videos and score them. In Dalian, 76 drivers were recruited (mean age = 25.25 years, standard deviation (SD) = 4.41 years). The study adopted a two-factor between-subjects design of 2 (experienced drivers, novice drivers) × 2 (task-specific features: yes, no). The dependent variables were a critical trial’s detection rate, and a total visit duration of traffic signal. Experienced drivers were required to drive a total of 30000 km or more, while novice drivers had to drive a total of 10, 000 km or less. A task-specific feature was observed of whether there were traffic violations. A traffic violation occurred during the critical trial, when the driver was asked whether they had seen a traffic signal after completing the main task. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of driving schema training. The drivers' main task was to watch 30 traffic videos and score them. Sixty-six drivers were recruited (mean age = 24.92 years, SD = 3.85 years). The study adopted a three-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (experienced drivers, novice drivers) × 2 (starting condition of schema training: started, not started) × 2 (event cognitive salience, high: intersection with solid parallel lines; low: unauthorized stop at “No Parking”). The driver type and the starting condition of schema training were inter-subject variables, and the event type was an intra-subject variable. The dependent variable was the driver's correct rate of identifying two kinds of events and the total visit duration of searching for this event. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the inattentional blindness rate of experienced drivers with task-specific features was significantly lower than that of experienced drivers without task-specific features; however, there was no difference in vision blindness between novice drivers with and without task-specific features. Moreover, the longer the total visit duration, the less likely the inattentional blindness of the drivers. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the recognition performance of the drivers in the schema start group was higher than that in the control group. Total visit duration plays an intermediary role among driving experience, driving schema, and recognition rate of low cognitive salience events. For drivers, only giving a task feature does not necessarily improve the visual search efficiency during driving, and driving schema plays an important role. Driving schema training can help a task feature make up for the gap brought by driving experience. Driving experience and schemata can improve drivers' performance in identifying traffic information with low cognitive salience by influencing their search time for traffic events.
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