Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-04-28
Abstract： This study used event related potential (ERP) technology to investigate the effects of different types of unitization on item recognition in both younger and older adults through two experiments. A total of two theoretical accounts concern the role of unitization in both item and associative recognition: “benefits and costs” and “benefits-only” accounts. This study hypothesized that because young adults have more cognitive resources, either type of unitization with different demands on cognitive resources does not impair their item memory. However, older adults have fewer cognitive resources, and whether different types of unitization impair their item memory depends on how these demand cognitive resources. Experiment 1 manipulated the level of bottom-up unitization by using compound words and unrelated words. Experiment 2 manipulated the level of top-down unitization using definition and sentence.
In experiment 1, a total of 19 community-dwelling older and 23 younger adults were asked to learn compound and unrelated word pairs, and during tests, they were asked to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In experiment 2, a total of 19 community-dwelling older adults and 20 younger adults were asked to learn word pairs under definition and sentence conditions, and during the test they were required to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In our sample of two experiments, all Older adults completed the mini mental state examination and scored at least 26 points
For younger adults, two types of unitization condition had no effect on their associative and item recognition. The ERP results of Experiment 1 revealed a comparable frontal old/new effect in both compound wordsand unrelated words condition, and the compound words condition reduced the parietal old/new effect. The ERP results of Experiment 2 indicated that the frontal old/new effect was absent in the definition condition, and both unitization conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. For older adults, two types of unitization enhanced their associative recognition, however, have different influence on the item recognition. The behavioral results of Experiment 1 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the compound words condition was superior to that under the unrelated words condition. The ERP results indicated that the frontal old/new effect was only present in the compound words condition, and both encoding conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. The behavioral results of Experiment 2 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the definition condition was inferior to that under the sentence condition. The ERP results revealed that the frontal old/new effect was absent in definition condition and only present in the sentence condition, and both encoding conditions were found to have comparable parietal old/new effect.
The influence of unitization on the item recognition depends on the encoding types. For younger adults, the item recognition in both unitized encoding conditions were comparable to that in the non-unitized encoding. Equivalent levels of memory retrieval were achieved through “less” overall neural processing on familiarity or recollection, which supports the “benefits-only” account. For older adults, the bottom-up unitized encoding condition promotes item recognition relying on the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits-only” account. The top-down unitized encoding condition impaired older adults’ item recognition relying on the absent of the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits and costs” account.
Subjects: Nursing >> Nursing submitted time 2022-08-17
Abstract： ABSTRACT: This paper reviewed the clinical data of a patient of postpartum constipation with Qi and blood deficiency treated by abdominal acupoint massage combined with auricular point sticking and pressing. Key issues of risk assessment before treatment, enhanced routine care, operation method of abdominal acupoint massage and auricular point sticking and pressing were summarized. The appropriate technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing based on syndrome differentiation is effective in relief of constipation symptoms and anxiety status of the patient with postpartum constipation with Qi and blood deficiency.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
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