Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-19
Abstract： Both behavioral and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated the future positive bias of individual temporal self-evaluation. However, the characteristic of collective temporal self-evaluation is still an open question. The present study aimed to investigate the similarities and differences between individual and collective temporal self-evaluation using a temporal self-reference paradigm among Chinese undergraduates. In comparison to Westerners, Chinese are more unified in their self-concept, and their temporal self contains more social, relational, and family selves in the context of collectivist culture. Therefore, it was assumed that the collective temporal self-evaluation might be highly similar to individual temporal self-evaluation across time, according to dependent self-construal theory.
The present study adopted a 3 (time dimension) × 2 (reference object) × 2 (valence) within-subjects design and employed an event-related potential (ERP) technique to explore the individual and collective temporal self-evaluation using two experiments. Brain electrical activity was recorded from 64 scalp sites using tin electrodes mounted in an elastic cap according to the international 10-20 system, and late positive components (LPC) were used as the EEG indicators because LPC was closely related to temporal self-evaluation. In Experiment 1, 30 Chinese undergraduates were recruited, and they were asked to evaluate their and strangers’ past self, present self, and future self, using positive and negative personality adjectives. In Experiment 2, 23 Chinese undergraduates were recruited to assess past self, present self, and future self of Chinese and Americans.
In Experiment 1, the behavioral results showed that participants tended to use more positive adjectives and fewer negative adjectives to evaluate their future self, compared to their past self and present self; They tended to use more negative adjectives to evaluate their past self, compared to their present self. In addition, participants tended to use more positive adjectives and fewer negative adjectives to evaluate their future self, more negative adjectives to evaluate their present self, and more negative adjectives and fewer positive adjectives to evaluate their past self, compared to Zhangsan’ self (“Zhangsan” was often referred to the name of an ordinary person in China). These behavioral results indicated that individual self-evaluation was positive across time and had a trend to increase from past to future. ERP data showed that negative adjectives evoked greater LPC amplitudes than positive adjectives in the tasks of evaluating past self and present self, while there was no significant difference in the evaluation of future self, which demonstrated that participants had more “negativity bias” effects in individual past self-evaluation and present self-evaluation, compared to individual future self-evaluation. In Experiment 2, the behavioral results showed that participants tended to use more positive adjectives and fewer negative adjectives to evaluate collective temporal self than non-collective temporal self. The positive attitudes toward collective temporal self were no significant differences between different temporal dimensions (past, present, and future), indicating that participants had a stable and consistent positive bias toward their collective temporal self. ERP data showed that greater LPC amplitudes were evoked for negative adjectives than positive adjectives in evaluating collective past self and present self, while there was no significant difference in evaluating collective future self, which indicated that participants had more “negativity bias” effects in collective past self-evaluation and present self-evaluation, compared to collective future self-evaluation.
In conclusion, our study suggested that both individual self-evaluation and collective self-evaluation had a positive bias across time. Moreover, there existed a “negativity bias” effect at the neurophysiological level in individual self-evaluation and collective self-evaluation. These results demonstrated that individual temporal self-evaluation and collective temporal self-evaluation among Chinese college students had similar cognitive and neurophysiological characteristics, to some extent, providing supporting evidence for the theory of dependent self-construal.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-17
Abstract： The clan is a social organization entity based on blood ties, emphasizing the internal rule of the family. Clan culture is based on blood ties and values the maintenance of relationships among clan members. Being of the same clan and family is the key to identity. Clan concepts include bloodline identity, mutual assistance, filial piety, inheritance, rule of etiquette, and local customs, reflecting the inner beliefs and attitudes of clan members towards the importance and role of the family. Clan concepts and clan culture are interdependent and work together, influencing people's behavior and values, and have a profound impact on the development of modern society.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Fear memories formed in traumatic experience is pathological basis of stress-related disorders. New memories initially persist in a fragile state and are susceptible to being disrupted by behavioral or pharmacological treatments. Exposure therapy based on extinction is a common treatment for pathological fear. However, extinction training that occurs shortly after fear conditioning is less effective than delayed extinction training in yielding long-term extinction memory, a phenomenon that is known as immediate extinction deficit (IED). The IED may be linked to levels of stress and emotional arousal at the onset of extinction training and event segmentation. If the stress and emotional arousal levels are high at the outset of extinction training, the outcomes of immediate extinction are not influenced by context change or event boundary between fear conditioning and extinction (i.e. event segmentation), but rather mainly affected by the high stress state that can impair the consolidation of extinction memory, resulting in IED. When the levels of stress and emotional arousal are moderate before the onset of extinction training, there is no difference between immediate extinction and delayed extinction, and both of them couldn’t prevent fear relapse. When the stress and emotional arousal levels are low at the time of extinction intervention, the early extinction was more effective than delayed extinction intervention, which could disrupt the consolidation of fear memory and prevent the return of fear. In addition, under moderate or low stress levels, the effect of immediate extinction would be also susceptible to event segmentation. That is, if there is a clear event boundary between fear acquisition and extinction, the event boundary may guide selective consolidation to prioritize the consolidation of emotional information in memory (fear memory) -- at the expense of related but conflicting information (extinction memory) experienced shortly thereafter, leading to IED; if without this event boundary, immediate extinction may retroactively interfere with the consolidation of fear memories and prevent the deficit; but the evidence for this is not yet sufficient. In addition, results from human fear conditioning suggest that the IED phenomenon is not inevitable, even though the electric shock was calibrated to be at the same level deemed “highly annoying but not painful” by each participant. Explanations for this may be that people's criterion for the feeling “highly annoying but not painful” has varied greatly, resulting in the actual stress and emotional arousal level of each participant is different, that is, not all participant are in a high arousal state, therefore IED phenomenon is unstable. The infralimbic (IL) that is a subdivision of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in the consolidation and retrieval of extinction memory. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and mPFC form strong reciprocal synaptic connections that play a key role in acquisition and extinction of fear memories. Fear extinction depends on the activities in these two projection pathways, BLA-IL and IL-BLA, which are trade-off. The neurobiological mechanisms of IED may involve that: (1) stress-induced activation of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system evokes extensive release of NE in BLA through LC-projecting neurons, leading to hyperactivity of BLA; and (2) stress-activated corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system in BLA triggers the release of CRF that binds G-protein-coupled receptors (CRFR1), resulting in hyperexcitability of BLA; then overactive BLA inputs suppress the activity of IL via feedforward inhibition of projection neurons, which further impair the consolidation of extinction memories, causing IED. Future studies should examine whether the IED is just an aberration or early extinction acts as a secondary trauma which can continually damage the ability to extinguish fear memory, instead, contributes to the development of stress-related disorders, and explore how to optimize the clinical application of immediate extinction.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： When confronted with reminders of an unpleasant memory, people often try to prevent the unwanted memory from coming to mind. Suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) means that the attempt to prevent unwanted memories from entering awareness results in a decrease in the long-term accessibility of these memories. Previous studies indicated that the suppression of retrieval is accomplished by control mechanisms that inhibit unwanted memories. Suppressing retrieval increased engagement of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and middle frontal gyrus and concomitantly decreased engagement of the hippocampus. The degree of SIF is affected by the emotionality of information and an individual’s emotional state and training. From the perspective of research materials, current studies on the SIF effect of emotional memories mostly use neutral cues to match emotional materials, seldomly assess the emotional valence of cues during the learning process or after retrieval inhibition phase. More attention is paid to the memory association between cue and target event, but ignores the affective connection of them. In reality, due to the close connection between events and cues in the process of forming traumatic memories, trauma-related cues are no longer completely neutral but would have negative emotional valence. Therefore, future studies should explore the impacts of SIF on the basis of focusing on affective connection between cue and event. By individual pathological state, existing studies have investigated the SIF effect in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) groups, but not reached consistent conclusions. This may be related to heterogeneity of mental disorders. The people who are diagnosed with PTSD or depression will may have different etiology, symptoms and underlying neural mechanisms. Future studies should distinguish these patients into different subtypes and conduct tests in groups with the same subtypes and the same symptoms, so as to further compare the SIF effect and its neural mechanisms among different subtypes. Given that poor inhibition in patients with depression and PTSD is often associated with difficulty in activation of the right middle frontal gyrus and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may improve core symptoms in patients with PTSD. Therefore, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be used in the future to improve the activity of relevant brain regions and enhance the inhibitory control. In addition, in reality, due to the impact of stress hormones on memory consolidation, unpleasant memories are often strong and profound. Future studies may also consider the influence of stress hormones on SIF. Finally, repeated suppression training can gradually weaken the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-hippocampal negative coupling connections, leading to more effective control of invasive memories, suggesting the feasibility of training intervention in memory control. It has been found that mindfulness-based strategy was to facilitate the process of forgetting by releasing the tension due to the resistance to forget and aiding the reallocation of attentional resources away from the unwanted items. Therefore, future studies should consider whether the mindfulness-based forgetting strategies can improve the effect of SIF, and whether individuals who have engaged in long-term mindfulness training (such as meditation) show a better ability of retrieval suppression than those who are naïve to mindfulness practices. Future studies should investigate ways to improve the therapeutic effects of SIF on clinical pathological memory based on an in-depth understanding of the neural mechanisms of SIF.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-08-01
Abstract： Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents in childhood. Attentional disengagement is an essential part of the attentional orientation network, which refers to the process of disengaging attention from the original object to another one during the attention shift. The attentional disengagement hypothesis suggests that early impairment of attention disengagement in ASD could substantially affect the development of other perceptions and cognitive capacity. It could then ultimately cascade into a family of impairments in the core clinical symptoms of ASD. Studies using the gap-overlap paradigm resulted in controversial findings regarding attentional disengagement deficits in individuals with ASD. It is possible that the participants’ characteristics, the research methods, and the stimulus properties are the main factors that affect attentional disengagement. This neural mechanism may involve the oculomotor nervous system, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the cerebellum, and the corpus callosum. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of the brain, considering the effects of the participants’ characteristics, the research methods, and the stimulus properties on the results of attentional disengagement comprehensively and clarifying its role in early prediction and recognition of autism.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2020-08-18
Abstract： Extinction training that occurs shortly after fear conditioning fails to yield long-term extinction memory, a phenomenon that is known as the immediate extinction deficit (IED). The IED may be linked to levels of stress at the onset of extinction training and event segmentation. Under high levels of stress, the consolidation of extinction memory is impaired, resulting in the IED. Under moderate or low levels of stress, immediate extinction would be effective but susceptible to event segmentation. The neurobiological mechanisms of IED may involve stress-induced activation of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system, which leads to hyperexcitability of the basolateral amygdala and the subsequent inhibition of activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (i.e., a region that plays a central role in fear extinction) through synaptic projections. Future studies should consider long-term outcomes of the IED and optimization of the clinical application of immediate extinction.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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