Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In social interaction, people have a tendency to copy observed actions. This automatic imitation is crucial for understanding others’ feelings behind actions, but can also result in potential conflicts between motor representations of self and other. Therefore, we need to distinguish our own motor plan from that of others and identify the conflicts. This capacity was termed self-other control (SOC). Similar to imitation control, higher levels of social cognition, such as theory of mind, perspective-taking, and empathy, also involve the processing of information about self and others. Much evidence suggested that SOC was a domain-general mechanism, as imitation control and other socio-cognitive processes in the brain shared the same SOC system to distinguish between information of self and other and regulate conflicts thereof. Some recent studies showed that, comparing with inhibitory control (IC) which was to suppress one’s own prepotent responses, SOC played a more pivotal role in social cognition, and the effect of IC on social cognition was moderated by SOC. In addition, the domain-generality of SOC indicates that in the future, individuals with certain socio-cognitive deficits (such as autism and alexithymia) would benefit from rehabilitation via motor-imitation control training.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Third-party punishment (TPP) is a substantial and special kind of altruistic behaviors, which could help maintain social norms and human cooperation. A large body of research has studied norm conformity like fair behaviors and its underlying cognitive mechanisms, merely few studies, however, have discussed norm enforcement behaviors like TPP and its cognitive process. One issue of strong interest is the way how cognitive control influences TPP. Thus, through (1) exploring the specific role of cognitive control in TPP by means of employing different technical methods; (2) from the perspective of developmental psychology, examining how the effects of cognitive control vary by stages of development, particularly focusing on preschoolers and adolescents, who are undergoing rapid development of cognitive control, the present project aims to deepen the understanding of the cognitive basis of TPP, explain the developmental trajectory of TPP, and help build a psychological model for the TPP decision making.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous studies found that children would reciprocate those having benefited them previously, a behavior termed direct reciprocity. When there was no opportunity to reciprocate, the recipient would pay it forward to a third one. The current study aimed to find whether preschoolers would pay it forward if their absolute gains would be dependent on their allocations and its potential socio-cognitive mechanisms. We hypothesized that preschoolers would pay forward others’ selfish, fair or generous allocations, but this tendency would be stronger in the selfish and fair conditions; theory of mind (ToM) as well as empathy would play a role in it.Children aged 4 to 6 (N = 118, 63 females; Mage = 64.25 months, SD = 6.76) were randomly assigned into 3 experimental groups and 1 control group. In the experimental groups, each child was firstly asked to help an anonymous partner complete a jigsaw game (the child and the partner were to make equal contributions in the game), and then was allocated a reward of 1 token (selfish), 3 tokens (fair) or 5 tokens (generous) as the partner proposed (allocating a total of 6 tokens); subsequently, each participant completed another jigsaw game with another anonymous recipient, to whom the participant then acted as an allocator. In contrast, participants in the control group only completed the resource allocation task once as an allocator after cooperating with an anonymous partner in the jigsaw game. Participants’ abilities of ToM were measured with first-order and second-order ToM tasks. Their abilities of empathy were assessed with the Griffith Empathy Measurement (GEM), filled by their teacher-in-charge. We found that preschoolers would pay the selfish allocations forward, and even generous ones in spite that their absolute self-interests were dependent on their decisions. Specifically, compared with children in the control group, children in the selfish or generous groups were more likely to propose a similar pattern of allocation for the anonymous recipient, which indicated that others’ patterns of allocation exerted influence on children’s decisions. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the proportion of fair allocations in the control group (80%) and the fair group (80%). Moreover, children in the generous-allocation group who paid it forward had higher levels of second-order ToM and (cognitive) empathy than those who did not do so. However, there were no such differences between these two types of participants in the selfish-allocation and fair-allocation groups.It was suggested that preschoolers were sensitive to the patterns of allocations made by others, and they would pay it forward whether the allocations were advantageous or disadvantageous to themselves. Socio-cognitive abilities (e.g., ToM, empathy) could be important explanatory factors for this pay-forward effect. Besides, preschoolers in a collaborative context were more likely to comply with the norm of equity. Future studies might test other moderators, such as group membership of the partner, the way children acquire the resources, and explore other explanatory factors like executive functions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-06-19 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 视网膜上物象对应的外在注视点之间的距离, 即双眼注视点间距(distance of binoculars point of regard, DBPR)在自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders, ASD)个体上存 在异常的表现, 而 ASD 个体伴随较高的斜视发病率, 可能会对其双眼注视点间距产生影响。 研究采用正弦曲线平滑追踪任务范式, 探索视觉正常的 ASD 儿童在动态刺激加工过程中 DBPR 的鉴别意义。 结果发现, ASD 儿童 DBPR 过大且具有跨任务类型的稳定性, 且与斜视 无关。 DBPR 在大振幅、 快速度的条件下具有优良的鉴别力, 并与自闭症行为量表总分以及 感知觉维度显著正相关。 结果表明, 双眼注视点间距具有良好的鉴别价值。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-06-18 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 视网膜上物象对应的外在注视点之间的距离， 即双眼注视点间距(distance of binoculars point of regard, DBPR)在自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders， ASD)个体上存在异常的表现， 而 ASD 个体伴随较高的斜视发病率， 可能会对其双眼注视点间距产生影响。研究采用正弦曲线平滑追踪任务范式， 探索视觉正常的 ASD 儿童在动态刺激加工过程中DBPR 的鉴别意义。 结果发现， ASD 儿童 DBPR 过大且具有跨任务类型的稳定性， 且与斜视无关。 DBPR 在大振幅、 快速度的条件下具有优良的鉴别力， 并与自闭症行为量表总分以及感知觉维度显著正相关。 结果表明， 双眼注视点间距具有良好的鉴别价值。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2019-02-25 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：在社会互动中，人们具有自动模仿他人动作的倾向。尽管这种自动模仿有利于个体理解他人动作的感受，但有时也会与自身的动作意图产生冲突。因此我们需要将自身动作意图与他人动作进行区分并调控二者之间的冲突。这种能力被称为自我―他人控制(self-other control, SOC)。与动作模仿控制相同，心理理论、观点采择和共情等更高级的社会认知同样涉及对自我和他人信息的加工。很多证据表明，SOC 可能是一种领域普遍的(domain-general)加工机制，即在动作模仿控制和其他社会认知中，大脑对自我和他人双方信息的区分和冲突调控共用同一套 SOC 系统。最近一些研究发现，相比于抑制自身优势反应的抑制控制(inhibitory control)，SOC 是社会认知中一个更为关键的影响因素，抑制控制对社会认知的作用受到 SOC 的调节。此外，SOC 的领域普遍性提示我们，未来可以通过简单的动作模仿控制训练，来为社会认知受损个体（如孤独症和述情障碍者）进行康复训练。
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