Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Threats are stimuli that may cause disgust, harm, or loss to individuals. These stimuli have not yet occurred but are foreseeable. They can easily induce negative emotions, such as anxiety and fear, and affect an individual’s cognitive ability and creativity. Creativity is the ability that an individual can take initiative to create novel (i.e. original and unexpected) and useful products with social value for a certain purpose. The impact of threats on creativity is one of the concerned and controversial topics in the field of psychology. Currently, there are three viewpoints: threats can hinder creativity generally; threats can promote creativity; in some certain conditions, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between threats and creativity to illustrate how different levels of threats affect creativity. There are plenty of theoretical and empirical studies supporting these three viewpoints respectively. However, why these three viewpoints exist and what their divergence and their underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Through scanning through a considerable amount of studies, it is found that a reasonable perspective for understanding the relationship between the two can be provided by studying the distinction and connection between cognition and emotion. The distinction and connection between cognition and emotion can provide a reasonable perspective for understanding the relationship between them. Therefore, based on comparing and summarizing previous studies, this review explored the reasons for the divergence and reviewed them from the perspectives of cognition and emotion. As a result, it is found that divergence comes from the differences in threat levels, creativity mechanisms, creativity task difficulties, and additional mediator/modulator variables between threat and creativity. Specifically, High-level and low-level threats can attract individual’s different levels of attention and take up different amounts of cognitive resources, thus have different impacts on other following tasks. The difference in creativity mechanisms reflects in the difference between divergent thinking and convergent thinking. Divergent thinking is that people produce as many solutions to the problems of vague definition as possible. Whereas convergent thinking is that people rely on quick identification of the clearly defined the problem to find the best solution. Divergent thinking depends on cognitive flexibility more, while convergent thinking prefers to depend on cognitive persistence. When Individuals are facing different tasks, the demands for working memory are different. Compared with simple tasks, complex tasks have higher requirements on the participation of the working memory system, and at the same time they take up more cognitive resources, Therefore, individuals faced with complex tasks may bring worse performance than those faced with simple tasks. In addition, the different mediating/moderating variables between threat and creativity may have different or even opposite effects on the creativity tasks. For future researches, they can focus on systematically verifying the reasons for the divergence from the perspectives of cognitive and emotional intervention. Specifically, future researchers can explore the impact of different levels of threats on individual’s divergent and convergent thinking. In addition, it is necessary to explore the possible mediating/modulating variables (such as emotion regulation, self-affirmation, etc.) and find out how these variables affect the relationship between threats and creativity. Furthermore, the research on the relationship between threat and creativity should pay attention to the inverted U-shaped model and they can start with studying the balance of motivation and emotion, and then explore the critical point in the inverted U-shaped curve. In addition, when exploring the above issues, the best way is to try to combine different brain imaging technologies to thoroughly investigate the role of many brain areas that are responsible for threat information processing and emotions, and the functional links between these brain areas to explore the impact of threats on creativity. Finally, the cognitive neuroscience can be combined with gene mechanisms to explore the relationship between threat and creativity and clarify the nature of the problem.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Dual process generally refers to intuitive processing and analytical processing. Given the progress in transformation and collaboration mechanisms of dual process, emotion has gradually become the key variable for influencing the dual process. It is clearly pointed out that emotion is closely related to intuitive processing (Type 1) in dual process theory, which does not need cognitive efforts, but many empirical findings have shown that emotion also has a significant impact on analytical processing (Type 2). However, how emotions affect intuitive and analytical processing remains controversial in related studies. Relevant researches mainly focus on the influence of emotion on the single pathway of Type 1 processing or Type 2 processing, while the comprehensive influences of emotion on dual processes are rarely studied, these researches only are carried out at the superficial level, less dig deep into the differences of cognitive processing mechanism. In addition, different perspectives have resulted in the obscurity of emotions' function. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of emotion influencing on dual-processing from the perspectives of emotional valence and emotional arousal. The results show that positive emotions and emotions with high arousal tend to promote intuitive processing, while negative emotions with low arousal prefer to adopt analytical processing, but it will be affected by knowledge and experience, surface information, task characteristics and processing conditions. Consequently, emotions with different valence and arousal also have different impacts on processing. Positive emotions or negative emotions with high arousal can promote Type 1 processing, while negative emotions with low arousal will lead to Type 2 processing. In addition, a dual processing model which helps us make clear of thread about emotion influences, is used to explain the mechanism of emotional influence on dual processing. Type 1 and Type 2 are regarded as two relatively independent and successive processing stages in this model. In the startup phase of cognitive processing, positive emotions will broaden one’s attention, which means an increase in available information cues and enable individuals to retrieve information faster, thus facilitates Type 1 processing, individuals in high affective arousal will be directed attention by highly relevant information and reduce the attention to irrelevant information, thus tend to choose Type 1 processing, while negative emotions will narrow attention, which let the individuals pay more attention to the detailed information instead of the main information and let them consume more cognitive resources in Type 2 processing. In the Type 2 processing intervention stage, on the one hand, motivation is the individuals' subjective condition of whether to enter the Type 2 processing stage. The motivation to maintain positive emotions will trigger Type 1 processing that takes less cognitive effort, while the motivation to improve negative emotions will make the individual invest more cognitive resources in Type 2 processing. The individuals will choose the appropriate arousal level for the motivation of maintaining the current positive emotion and repairing negative emotion. On the other hand, cognitive resources are the individuals' objective condition of Type 2 processing, which are needed in Type 2 processing. Cognitive resources are also the core part of cognitive load theory, which includes intrinsic cognitive load, extraneous cognitive load and germane cognitive load. Emotions can be used as the three kinds of load to directly allocate cognitive resources and determine whether Type 2 processing can be involved. It is worth doing future exploration on verifying the effect of emotion on specific dual processing models by cognitive neuroscience techniques, the association between emotional arousal and dual processing, recent developments in emotion theory, and the strategies for optimizing dual processing under emotional load.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Creative thinking is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to a problem, of which divergent and convergent thinking are two common types. Evidence shows that physical exercise may influence these two types differently. For divergent thinking, the beneficial effect on creative flexibility and originality is larger than fluency. Although there is no consistent conclusion yet regarding convergent thinking, most studies show that physical exercise is not related to or even detrimental to convergent thinking; however, some studies have found the exercise facilitation when the convergent thinking task is thought-directed. Many factors moderate the effect of physical exercise on creative thinking. (1) The optimum exercise intensity varies at different exercise frequencies; moderate intensity proves more beneficial in the case of acute exercise, while higher intensity is needed for long-term exercise. (2) Regarding exercise forms, free exercise such as free walking is more effective than restricted exercise such as treadmill walking. (3) In the simultaneous paradigm, the best exercise duration for creative thinking is 20-30 minutes, while in the relay paradigm, the exercise duration of 5 minutes to 1 hour is effective, which might include some time-delay effect. (4) Compared with children and older people, exercise effect on young adults is lower due to the ceiling effect; The effect is less likely to be seen in children aged 6-13 than in children of other ages who are undergoing physical and mental developmental changes. (5) Individuals who are physically fit and those with an exercise habit show stronger convergent thinking after exercise.There are theories that explain the effect of physical exercise on creativity: the mood hypothesis, the executive function hypothesis, and embodied metaphor theory. The mood hypothesis has two perspectives: the one which considers only emotion valance, suggesting that positive emotions triggered by exercise facilitate creative thinking and negative emotions undermine it; and the other which considers both mood activation, suggesting that both positive and negative emotions that are activated rather than deactivated can enhance creative thinking, but using different routes. Controversy remains in the executive function hypothesis, moreover, with some researchers arguing that physical exercise enhances creative thinking by depleting cognitive control resources. Nevertheless, in recent years an increasing number of studies have found beneficial effects of physical exercise on executive function, with some claims that improvements in creative thinking are dependent on improvements in some executive functions, such as working memory capacity and cognitive inhibition. Embodied metaphor theory suggests that abstract concepts are metaphorically grounded in concrete experience; creative thinking can be likened to free movement or specific gesture, thus inspiring divergent and convergent thinking.Further exploration of the relationship between exercise and creative thinking is demanded in the future. Above all, emphasize the normative and scientific aspects of research and expand the scope to include non-intellectual factors of creative thinking, such as emotional creativity and creative personality. Furthermore, more neuroscience research should be conducted further to reveal the mechanism underlying the complex effects of exercise on creativity. Additionally, pay attention to the mechanisms that influence creative thinking through exercise in different population groups, with a view to expanding the scope of research to include young children, older people, and special groups. Finally, the relationship between physical exercise and creative achievement will be explored, especially the long-term and even permanent effects of physical exercise on creative thinking, enabling us to provide scientific support for the exercise prescriptions to improve the public's creativity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Discrimination perception refers to the unfair, negative or harmful treatment that an individual perceives due to membership in a group. This experience is subjective and affects the individual’s psychology and behaviour. Cooperation is the basic form of social interaction, which is an essential part of personal social development and an important issue for sustainable human growth. Junior high school students undergo puberty, a stage of rapid development of mind and body. This development is inseparable from the interaction with and feedback from the environment. In this study, the purpose is to reveal the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative tendency and behaviour of junior high school students from the perspective of traits and status. The first part of the study was measured using Cai Min's Education Discrimination Questionnaire. Survey participants were 752 first-year students who performed three measurements in November 2016, April 2017 and November 2017 (T1 to T3, respectively) to explore the influence of discrimination perception on their cooperative tendencies. The second part of the study was carried out using a multi-round investment public goods dilemma paradigm. This experiment was organised into a 2 (discrimination perception level: high discrimination perception, low discrimination perception) × 2 (group type: inner group, outside group) factorial design. The discrimination perception level is the inter-subject variable and the group type is the intra-subject variable. Each participant carries out 12 rounds of investment, in which the cooperation object of the first six rounds is a member of the outside group and that of the last six rounds is a member of the inner group. The dependent variable is the cooperative behaviour of the participants, measured as the investment ratio (ratio of each round of investment to the current round of principal) and the contribution rate (ratio of each round of investment to the bottom line of public accounts return of 200). The participants in the experiment were 68 junior high school students selected from results of the T3 discrimination perception questionnaire, namely, the top 27% with high discrimination perception and bottom 27% with low discrimination perception. The outside group situation was controlled by the simulated point estimation experiment. Results showed that: (1) At the three time points, a significant negative correlation was observed between the discrimination perception among junior high school students and the cooperative tendency. From the vertical point of view, the cooperative tendency of T1 could negatively predict the discrimination perception in T2, which in turn negatively predicted the cooperative tendency in T3; (2) in the first three rounds of investment ratio and contribution rate of public goods dilemma, the interaction effect of discrimination perception and group type was significant; in the last three rounds, only the main effects of discrimination perception on investment ratio and contribution rate and of group type on contribution rate were observed. Findings suggest a vertical spiral between the discrimination perception and cooperative tendency. At the beginning of the interaction, the cooperative behaviour of the inner group preference is only observed in the low discrimination perception group, and the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative behaviour is regulated by the group type. With the extension of interaction time, the regulatory effect of the group type disappears and the inner group preference of cooperative behaviour generally increases.
submitted time 2023-03-25 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Dual process generally refers to intuitive processing and analytical processing. Given the progress in transformation and collaboration mechanisms of dual process, emotion has gradually become the key variable for influencing the dual process. It is clearly pointed out that emotion is closely related to intuitive processing (Type 1) in dual process theory, which does not need cognitive efforts, but many empirical findings have shown that emotion also has a significant impact on analytical processing (Type 2). However, how emotions affect intuitive and analytical processing remains controversial in related studies. Relevant researches mainly focus on the influence of emotion on the single pathway of Type 1 processing or Type 2 processing, while the comprehensive influences of emotion on dual processes are rarely studied, these researches only are carried out at the superficial level, less dig deep into the differences of cognitive processing mechanism. In addition, different perspectives have resulted in the obscurity of emotions' function. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of emotion influencing on dual-processing from the perspectives of emotional valence and emotional arousal. The results show that positive emotions and emotions with high arousal tend to promote intuitive processing, while negative emotions with low arousal prefer to adopt analytical processing, but it will be affected by knowledge and experience, surface information, task characteristics and processing conditions. Consequently, emotions with different valence and arousal also have different impacts on processing. Positive emotions or negative emotions with high arousal can promote Type 1 processing, while negative emotions with low arousal will lead to Type 2 processing. In addition, a dual processing model which helps us make clear of thread about emotion influences, is used to explain the mechanism of emotional influence on dual processing. Type 1 and Type 2 are regarded as two relatively independent and successive processing stages in this model. In the startup phase of cognitive processing, positive emotions will broaden one’s attention, which means an increase in available information cues and enable individuals to retrieve information faster, thus facilitates Type 1 processing, individuals in high affective arousal will be directed attention by highly relevant information and reduce the attention to irrelevant information, thus tend to choose Type 1 processing, while negative emotions will narrow attention, which let the individuals pay more attention to the detailed information instead of the main information and let them consume more cognitive resources in Type 2 processing. In the Type 2 processing intervention stage, on the one hand, motivation is the individuals' subjective condition of whether to enter the Type 2 processing stage. The motivation to maintain positive emotions will trigger Type 1 processing that takes less cognitive effort, while the motivation to improve negative emotions will make the individual invest more cognitive resources in Type 2 processing. The individuals will choose the appropriate arousal level for the motivation of maintaining the current positive emotion and repairing negative emotion. On the other hand, cognitive resources are the individuals' objective condition of Type 2 processing, which are needed in Type 2 processing. Cognitive resources are also the core part of cognitive load theory, which includes intrinsic cognitive load, extraneous cognitive load and germane cognitive load. Emotions can be used as the three kinds of load to directly allocate cognitive resources and determine whether Type 2 processing can be involved. It is worth doing future exploration on verifying the effect of emotion on specific dual processing models by cognitive neuroscience techniques, the association between emotional arousal and dual processing, recent developments in emotion theory, and the strategies for optimizing dual processing under emotional load.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-09-21
Abstract：
Creative thinking is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to a problem, of which divergent and convergent thinking are two common types. Evidence shows that physical exercise may influence these two types differently, and the effects are moderated by exercise intensity, forms, duration, and individual differences. The mood hypothesis, executive function hypothesis, and embodied metaphor theory are proposed to explain the effect of exercise on creativity. Future explorations should pay more attention to experimental standardization, broaden the research to the neuroscience field, expand the research subjects to all age groups and increase focus on the relationship between physical exercise and creative achievement to provide compelling evidence for exercise pre
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-10-16
Abstract： Discrimination perception refers to the unfair, negative or harmful treatment that an individual perceives due to membership in a group. This experience is subjective and affects the individual’s psychology and behaviour. Cooperation is the basic form of social interaction, which is an essential part of personal social development and an important issue for sustainable human growth. Junior high school students undergo puberty, a stage of rapid development of mind and body. This development is inseparable from the interaction with and feedback from the environment. In this study, the purpose is to reveal the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative tendency and behaviour of junior high school students from the perspective of traits and status. The first part of the study was measured using Cai Min's Education Discrimination Questionnaire. Survey participants were 752 first-year students who performed three measurements in November 2016, April 2017 and November 2017 (T1 to T3, respectively) to explore the influence of discrimination perception on their cooperative tendencies. The second part of the study was carried out using a multi-round investment public goods dilemma paradigm. This experiment was organised into a 2 (discrimination perception level: high discrimination perception, low discrimination perception) × 2 (group type: inner group, outside group) factorial design. The discrimination perception level is the inter-subject variable and the group type is the intra-subject variable. Each participant carries out 12 rounds of investment, in which the cooperation object of the first six rounds is a member of the outside group and that of the last six rounds is a member of the inner group. The dependent variable is the cooperative behaviour of the participants, measured as the investment ratio (ratio of each round of investment to the current round of principal) and the contribution rate (ratio of each round of investment to the bottom line of public accounts return of 200). The participants in the experiment were 68 junior high school students selected from results of the T3 discrimination perception questionnaire, namely, the top 27% with high discrimination perception and bottom 27% with low discrimination perception. The outside group situation was controlled by the simulated point estimation experiment. Results showed that: (1) At the three time points, a significant negative correlation was observed between the discrimination perception among junior high school students and the cooperative tendency. From the vertical point of view, the cooperative tendency of T1 could negatively predict the discrimination perception in T2, which in turn negatively predicted the cooperative tendency in T3; (2) in the first three rounds of investment ratio and contribution rate of public goods dilemma, the interaction effect of discrimination perception and group type was significant; in the last three rounds, only the main effects of discrimination perception on investment ratio and contribution rate and of group type on contribution rate were observed. Findings suggest a vertical spiral between the discrimination perception and cooperative tendency. At the beginning of the interaction, the cooperative behaviour of the inner group preference is only observed in the low discrimination perception group, and the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative behaviour is regulated by the group type. With the extension of interaction time, the regulatory effect of the group type disappears and the inner group preference of cooperative behaviour generally increases. " " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-07
Abstract： The impact of threats on creativity is one of the concerned and controversial topic in the field of psychology. Currently, there are three viewpoints: threats can hinder creativity generally; threats can promote creativity, under some certain conditions; there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between threats and creativity. However, the reasons for the divergence of these three viewpoints and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. This article review them from the perspectives of cognition and emotion and conclude that the divergence comes from differences in threat levels, creativity mechanisms and additional mediator/modulator variables. Therefore, future research can focus on systematically verifying the reasons for the divergence from the perspectives of cognitive and emotional intervention and exploring the cognitive neuroscience and genes mechanisms of the relationship between threat and creativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-04-18 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： It was argued that thinking is characterized by the action of two distinctive cognitive systems, namely, intuitive (Type 1) processing and analytic (Type 2) processing. Intuitive processing is generally described as rapid, automatic, unconscious, and effortless, whereas analytic processing appears to be slow, controlled, conscious, and effortful. Decades of research have established that human judgment is often predisposed to rapid, intuitive processing. However, recent research has indicated that intuitive processing can support reasoning and even enhance it under certain conditions. Recent findings have suggested that intuitive processing should be as affected by cognitive resources and consciousness as analytic processing. However, intuitive and analytic processing will interfere with one another through a series of classical paradigms in which the results of two distinctive cognitive systems are in conflict. To avoid this interference, the present study applied the Chinese character chunking decomposition task, predicting that intuitive processing positively affect problem solving, but that it would disappear under conditions wherein cognitive resources were extremely scarce. In the present research, we first drew up the Chinese character chunking decomposition task as materials, and participants were asked to judge whether the target character (e.g., “又”) was a component of the original character (e.g., “支”). Then, the formal experiment was organized into a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subject design. The first variable was the duration time of the target character, consisting of 2 levels: 24 ms and 200 ms; the second variable was the material category, consisting of 2 levels: intuitive material and analytic material; and the third variable was the inclusion relation, consisting of 2 levels: inclusion and exclusion. The inclusion condition meant that the target character was a component of the original character, whereas the exclusion condition denoted that the target character was not a component of the original character. The results indicated that participants showed a lower rate of accuracy and a longer response time on analytic materials than on intuitive ones. However, no difference was observed between the two types of materials in terms of response time and accuracy when the duration time of the target character was 24 ms, and the inclusion relation was inclusion. Meanwhile, the accuracy scores of intuitive and analytic processing were approximately 0.5 at the guessing level. Signal detection analysis showed that the results under the unconsciousness condition were not influenced by the response bias. The results proved that intuitive processing was rapid and analytic processing was slow. As predicted, intuitive processing positively affects the problem solving process. In addition, the experiment showed that intuitive processing was effortful and relied on cognitive resources, which was inconsistent with prototypical dual-process theories. Therefore, the positive effect would disappear when the cognitive resources were below demand.
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