Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-07-01
Abstract： Following errors, participants usually recruit more cognitive resources to change error-related behaviors; this phenomenon is termed post-error adjustment. Generally, behavioral adjustments in post-error trials behave as slower subsequent responses and improved accuracy. It is worth noting that we cannot successfully perceive every error we commit in daily life. Several studies found that post-error slowing occurred only after aware errors, suggesting that only aware errors contribute to the phenomenon of post-error adjustment. Moreover, these studies emphasized the role of top-down control in the processing of error awareness. However, a few studies came to the opposite conclusion, finding that post-error adjustment could be modulated by unaware errors in an implicit manner. These studies emphasized the role of bottom-up control in the processing of error awareness. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated that post-error adjustment involves both proactive and reactive cognitive control. Proactive control refers to a goal-driven manner that is actively maintained with a sustained attention before the occurrence of cognitively demanding events. Reactive control refers to a bottom-up manner, in which the attentional control is mobilized when the goal-related event is reactivated. Thus, whether different control strategies are adopted by aware and unaware errors remains unclear. To investigate the above issue, 36 participants were recruited to execute an error awareness task based on the go/no-go task. However, data from five participants were removed due to poor EEG records or poor behavioral performance. In the go/no-go error awareness task, participants were instructed to withhold their responses in certain circumstances. The first was when a word was presented on two consecutive trials, and the second was when the font color of the word and its meaning were inconsistent. Additionally, the usage of an error signal button might lead to a response bias toward signaling or not signaling an error. If participants tended to signal errors, they might signal their correct responses as errors, increasing the false alarm rates. If participants did not tend to signal errors, aware errors might be classed as unaware errors. In this case, the measurement of unaware errors might be contaminated by potential conscious error trials. Thus, participants were instructed to respond to indicate their perceived response accuracy in both error and correct cases during the rating screen in the current experiment. Since previous studies have found that neural oscillations reveal the processing of proactive and reactive control, the time-frequency analysis is conducted in this experiment. It has been suggested that alpha band (8-14 Hz) reflects the trial-by-trial behavioral adjustment, thus alpha power is chosen as the neural indicator. As a result, the post-error reaction time indicated two dissociated behavior patterns, with speeding up following aware errors and slowing down following unaware errors. However, accuracy in trials following aware and unaware errors were both significantly higher than for trials following correct go. At the neural level, alpha (-500 to 500 ms) power was stronger for aware errors than for unaware errors. Moreover, the alpha had been activated before the subjective report of error awareness for aware errors, but the alpha was activated after the subjective report of error awareness for unaware errors. Current behavioral results showed that aware and unaware errors both successfully optimized post-error performance, but the two error types adopted different methods to adjust post-error behaviors. The time-frequency analysis revealed that aware errors led to sustained attention control after responses, but unaware errors led to temporary attention control induced by the subjective report of error awareness. Therefore, these findings might suggest that the adjustments following aware errors were based on a strategy such as proactive control, whereas the adjustments following unaware errors were based on a strategy such as reactive control. " " "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-30
Abstract： Mindfulness in an intimate relationship indicates the conscious attention to feelings or thoughts paid by individuals that may affect the relationship. It has gradually attracted academic attention in theory and applications research because of its contributions to improve relationship satisfaction and buffer conflicts. The theoretical framework of interaction patterns between partners helps to understand the process and outcomes of intimate relationships at the level of the dyad. Researchers usually use self-report questionnaires, laboratory-based inductions and mindfulness interventions to explore the effects of mindfulness on intimate relationships. Since mindfulness intervention has a protective and remedial function for intimate relationships, it is applied to different relationship states such as relative happiness, facing challenges, and falling into crisis. Future research consists of four aspects. Firstly, constructing the theory based on the staged characteristics and possible reverse effects; secondly, conceptualizing the theoretical definition from multi-dimensional as well as dynamic perspective by relying on the interaction pattern and staged characteristics of the intimate relationship following by the measurement through the mutual evaluation or observational coding; thirdly, using robust designs to clarify the effects of interventions and finally paying attention to potential adverse effects.
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：分析植被覆盖和人工扰动下戈壁地表的风沙流结构和摩阻风速与输沙率之间的关系，对保护戈壁区的生态环境具有重要意义。本文分别对植被覆盖下的戈壁地表和人工清除植被后的戈壁地表进行研究。结果显示：在不同的地表条件下，风沙流结构的变化趋势基本相同，大致可以分为3类：波动减少、先增加后减少和单调减少。受扰地表的输沙率密度大于原始地表。将摩阻风速以0.50 m·s^(-1)为界分为高、低风速。在植被覆盖的地表中，高、低风速区的输沙率与摩阻风速之间没有明显的线性相关性；而在人工清除植被后的地表，高风速区内，输沙率与摩阻风速之间满足传统的低阶多项式的关系，低风速区内两者之间则没有线性关系。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：本文通过2000、2008年及2018年3期Landsat系列数据，利用主成分分析绿度、湿度、干度、热度构建遥感生态指数（RSEI）,同时采用标准差椭圆及不同生态等级的重心，对干旱区城镇哈密市伊州区的生态质量进行遥感动态监测，并分析生态质量的空间扩展。结果表明：哈密市伊州区遥感生态指数均值从0.22、0.31上升到0.40，呈现出上升趋势，生态质量总体转好，但生态质量水平较低；生态环境变好的区域集中在伊州区城区的周围，呈环形分布，生态变差的区域主要在北部的东天山南坡地带以及城区的西南部未开发的戈壁；根据标准差椭圆及不同生态等级重心的变化得到，伊州区生态质量较好的区域在空间上呈现出由北向南扩展，总体生态较好区域从2000—2018年均呈东南―西北走向。
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-30 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract： 为探究Astrometrica和MaxIm DL两个软件在天体测量中的应用与处理差异，本文从上述两个软件的总体情况、CCD图像的读写与变换、平场校正处理、参数设置、归算与堆叠等方面进行了详细的比较和技术研究。以中国科学院云南天文台1m光学望远镜拍摄的M35星团的2组观测资料为例，探究了Astrometrica均值、中值和MaxIm DL均值、中值、标准差(Sigma Clip)、迭代的标准差(SD Mask)6种图像堆叠方法的输出结果。本文对上述6种输出结果进行了数据归算，具体参考了Gaia DR2星表，比较了上述6种堆叠方法星像的位置测量精度。本文发现使用Astrometrica中值堆叠输出的图像在位置精度中存在异常。最后，本文提出了两个软件在天体测量和巡天工作中配合使用的方法。
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-30 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract：幸运成像技术是一种基于大量短曝光图像中选取少量幸运好图进行配准、叠加的高分辨率图像恢复技术，能够有效减小大气湍流对图像质量的影响，但传统的基于中央处理器（CPU）的幸运成像算法难以实现实时化。本文利用现场可编程逻辑阵列（FPGA）的并行性和灵活性优势，提出了一种新的基于FPGA的幸运成像算法并构建了一个FPGA实验系统。该算法采用一种固定选图数且无需排序的图像选择策略和一种以行列坐标为基准的图像配准策略，能够有效地节省算法处理时间和硬件资源，达到实时幸运成像的目的。这个新的实时幸运成像算法能够以简洁的方式在中小规模的FPGA上实现，所得高分辨率图像与基于传统CPU算法处理的结果完全相同。实验表明，对于2000帧128128像素的输入图像进行幸运成像处理，本算法的运行速度比本实验室之前提出的算法快27倍，比传统的基于CPU+MATLAB幸运成像算法速度快150多倍，处理帧率可达197帧/秒。该算法及其FPGA实现技术可以用于构建真正实时的幸运成像系统。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-30
Abstract： " Metacognition refers to the ability to introspect our cognitive ability, which plays an essential role in guiding and optimizing our activities. However, little is known about metacognitive capacity for highly practiced motor behaviors and its neural correlates. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the present study examined the brain substrates underlying individual differences in self-awareness of handwriting in adults, a highly practiced visuomotor skill. Results showed that adult writers generally overestimate their handwriting skill, which is more pronounced in males relative to females. The extent of overestimation of handwriting quality was positively correlated with grey matter volume in the left fusiform gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and right precuneus. Moreover, the activation of these regions in a handwriting task was not correlation with self-awareness of handwriting, confirming that the identified connection between brain structures and handwriting self-awareness is independent of task performances. The left fusiform gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus are thought to represent domain-specific brain mechanisms for handwriting self-awareness, while the right precuneus is likely to be a domain-general brain mechanism, suggesting that the ability of introspect practiced visuomotor skills relies on both domain-general and domain-specific brain systems. Together, this study is the first to reveal the neuroanatomical correlates of a highly practiced motor behavior, extending our understanding about the neural basis of human metacognition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-06-28
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-27 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：本文旨在探索黑河流域绿洲近55 a的时空变化模式与稳定性。基于1963—2017年的16期多源遥感影像，提取了55 a黑河流域绿洲空间分布信息，使用叠置分析、格网化等方法，分析黑河流域绿洲变化模式与稳定性的时空特征。结果表明：黑河流域绿洲以波动变化模式为主，波动绿洲主要分布在灌溉保证程度差和土壤盐渍化的地区；扩张绿洲呈现早期向内填充、中后期向外扩张的模式；退缩绿洲主要分布在生态脆弱的绿洲边缘。黑河流域绿洲总体上逐渐趋向稳定，下游绿洲稳定性低于中游；中游及下游的金塔、鼎新绿洲波动主要发生在早期，而下游额济纳绿洲的波动主要发生在中期。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-27 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：以砒砂岩为母质发育的栗钙土作为供试土壤，沙棘作为供试树种，基于茎热平衡法（SHB）在温室内研究不同灌水梯度下T1（田间持水量θFC25%）、T2（θFC40%）、T3（θFC55%）沙棘液流速率变化特征。采用HOBO小型气象站监测环境因子，研究沙棘液流速率对环境因子的响应关系。结果表明：① 沙棘液流速率除明显的昼夜变化外，还伴有“光合午休”现象，液流变化曲线呈双峰形；② 沙棘液流速率与土壤含水率呈正比，液流速率和日累积量为T1＜T2＜T3，其中，T2和T3差距较小；③ 沙棘液流速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度呈正相关，与空气湿度呈负相关；不同灌水梯度下液流速率与各环境因子的相关性绝对值表现为T1＜T3＜T2。回归方程R2表现为T1＜T3＜T2。T2梯度下沙棘液流速率处于较高水平，对环境因子响应程度最高，温度是影响沙棘液流速率变化的主导因子。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-27 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：基于新疆喀什噶尔河流域平原区2014年74组地下水水质检测结果，运用克里格插值法、Gibbs图、离子比值法、矿物饱和指数法，揭示地下水中TDS分布特征及其成因。结果表明：研究区潜水中TDS介于354.80~6505.00 mg·L-1，平均值为1 994.36 mg·L-1，无盐水分布，总体表现为西高东低，水化学类型主要为SO4·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg和HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg；承压水中的TDS普遍较高，介于214.00~14 548.00 mg·L-1，平均值为2 480.30 mg·L-1，其分布特征总体表现为南高北低，水化学类型以SO4·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg及SO4-Na·Ca·Mg为主。控制本区地下水TDS的主要机制为自然地理因素、岩石风化作用、蒸发浓缩作用、矿物溶解作用及人类活动。
Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-06-26
Abstract：基于对江蓝生“概念叠加”“构式整合”理论的推导，本文对“差点儿没”各种句式的语义指向形成了一套统一的认识：“差点儿VP了”（以及“差点儿VP”）的否定形式有A式“差点儿没VP了”和B式“差点儿没VP”两种。A式否定是单义句式，应该首先剥离出来。B式否定中，VP为V的句式也是单义句式，也应该剥离出来。剩余的B式否定都是歧义句式，具有B1类和B2类两种语义指向，具体表示哪种语义，由前提条件确定。前提条件分两类：隐性前提和显性前提。隐性前提由常识和语境决定，是句式B首先默认的前提，通常不需要出现在句子表面。显性前提是特殊性前提或无倾向性前提，必须在句子表面出现，才能取代隐形前提的位置。B1类语义前提条件的显性语言形式可表述为“本来应该/~/VP，差点+没VP”；B2类语义前提条件的显性语言形式可表述为“本来不应该/~/VP，差点没+VP”。综合所有这些显性语言形式的前提条件，则可以归结为“能”类和“愿”类两种类型的主观认识与最终事实结果之间的逻辑转折。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-24 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract： 四川稻城县无名山址点是云南天文台新近选定的天文台址。为实现在无名山50CM光学望远镜开展远程自动观测试验，需要对圆顶进行远程自动控制驱动开发。圆顶驱动基于ASCOM标准，采用Modbus/TCP协议连接PLC控制器，实现了圆顶的自动控制。重点介绍了圆顶控制原理和实现方法，结果表明，圆顶控制系统具有融合度高、使用方便的特点，满足远程自动观测的需求，对于相似的中小型观测系统具有一定的借鉴意义。
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-23
Abstract： According to the positive temporal discounting theory and our relevant observations, when faced with future losses, people should, and do, prefer delayed negative events (e.g., deferring paying taxes, debts, or tickets), which can lead to substantial individual and societal costs. However, a counterexample has been identified and it appears to depart from the prediction of positive temporal discounting when faced with negative events. This study proposed and investigated the novel free from care account for the reverse preference. Results of five laboratory and field studies showed that students preferred an immediate negative event (i.e., an English oral exam) when “something tying one up”was imposed, in which coping with a distraction induced by such a situation could play a mediating role. In particular, the addition of“something tying one up” was found to be an effective behavioral nudge in terms of reliability and reproducibility and should be simple for potential users to follow. Specifically, the association between being tied up and undergoing a negative event immediately in the present studies mirrored the association between outgroup threat and intergroup cooperation in the Robbers Cave experiment.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-23 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract： 在卫星激光测距系统中激光光斑特性的好坏关系到测距成功与否，而经望远镜出射后的真实激光光斑特性尤为重要。为了准确掌握经望远镜出射后的激光光斑特性，提出了一种精准测量激光光斑特性的方法。首先将激光照射在一定距离的漫反射屏上，利用CCD相机采集激光光斑的漫反射图像，同时利用安装在漫反射屏上的能量计实时记录光斑相应区域的激光能量，最后结合激光光斑的CCD图像以及光斑相应区域的能量分布，分析计算出激光光斑的相关特性参数。文中详细给出了激光光斑的测量原理、实验方案以及数据处理方法，并通过实测数据精确的计算出了经望远镜出射后的激光光斑半径、发散角、平均能量密度分布等参数。实验结果表明：本测量方法具有测量精度高、响应速度快、操作简单，易于控制等优点，在激光光斑测量方面具有重要的应用前景。
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-23 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract：对地平式望远镜机架模型拟合的指向误差数据展开分析。介绍了指向误差数据的获取方法。采用最小二乘法求解修正系数，结合方位轴位置和高度轴位置拟合出指向修正量。在显著性水平α=0.05下进行残差分析，剔除偏离过大的点以提高拟合精度。通过计算均方根误差，相关系数，F检验的p值验证了机架模型有效性。本文说明了增加测试数据后，未经残差检验不一定能提高拟合精度；以及分次获取的误差数据可合并处理。将求解的系数写入配置文件，在指向与跟踪过程中根据光栅编码器的反馈值实时修正。
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-23 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract：我们使用模型SBPL（平滑拐折幂率）、BPL（两段幂率直接连接的折线）和Band去拟合8个Fermi亮暴得到165个最佳模型拟合谱。然后根据这165个谱的能流Fluence得出三个模型拟合数据的范围和一些结论。得到BPL能很好地拟合较暗的暴（Fluence<5"×" 〖"10" 〗^"-5" erg/〖"cm" 〗^"2" ），而较亮的暴用Band（5"×" 〖"10" 〗^"-5" erg/〖"cm" 〗^"2"
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2020-06-23 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract：全天相机已广泛地使用在气象、天文等领域. 在监测云量、夜天光、流星等应用中, 均需要准确掌握相机的姿态参数, 特别是在安装和运维中造成的偏差. 本研究旨在开发一套基于虚拟天文馆的像场测量方法, 通过比较参考恒星的虚拟坐标及其像点的实测坐标, 高精度测量相机的姿态参数. 使用中国科学院云南天文台安置于四川无名山观测站的全天相机, 分析于2016至2017年获得的4组全天图像, 采集了容量分别为~10、~50、~200的恒星样本, 通过Stellarium虚拟天文馆获得了恒星的地平坐标, 对全天相机像场的天顶位置、测者子午线方向等基本参数进行了精确的测量. 主要结果为: (1)开发了一种基于虚拟天文馆计算恒星地平坐标功能的测量方法, 使姿态测量建立在容量较大的参考恒星上. 该方法准确度高, 对设备配置的依赖性低, 具有较强的可移植性. (2)采用网格法对图像天顶的定位达到了亚像素的精度, 有望满足高定位精度监测的需要. (3)全天相机姿态精度的首要指标是光轴的竖直性, 光轴偏离天顶会对投影的轴对称性造成不可忽略的影响. (4)维护作业对圆形像场几何参数的改变甚微, 但可能会改变指向和旋转角, 并需要重新测量. (5)生成了符合制图惯例的可视化产品, 为监测数据的深入分析奠定了基础.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-22
Abstract： Depression, known as a neuropsychiatric disorder, is generally manifested as an emotional disorder. However, recent studies have shown that the visual perception processing of depressed individuals has been altered. From the perspective of visual object characteristics (e.g., contrast senstivity) and visual task paradigms (e.g., binocular rivalry), we reviewed previous studies regarding the visual processings of depressed individuals. These studies have showed that the visual perception processing of depressed individuals is impaired at different levels of the visual pathway. In the future, researchers can attempt to use tasks of visual perception processing as an objective diagnostic method on the basis of different subtypes of depression when distinguishing depression individuals from the healthy individuals.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Geosciences >> History of Geosciences submitted time 2020-06-22 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：In order to enhance and restore the ecosystems of natural capital in African arid regions, the Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme (G-DEP) consultative meeting was hosted in Dakar, Senegal, from 23 to 25 September 2019. This paper details the first African meeting of the G-DEP. Consultative meeting reviewed preceding dryland ecosystems case studies, identified vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions, and proposed sustainable solutions to problems. It also identified the successes and failures of previous attempts to improve vulnerable ecosystems and ultimately formed an action plan to improve these attempts. Climate, ecosystems, and livelihoods for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Great Green Wall Initiative (GGWI) for Sahara and Sahel, and China-Africa cooperation on science, technology, and innovation are three extra main sections concerned of the meeting. Separately, more specific topics as the complicated relationship between these natural processes and human activity, including pastoralism, soil restoration, and vegetation regenerate techniques, were fully discussed. Consultative meeting also identified the positive effects international collaboration can have on dryland regions, specifically in the capacity of sharing information, technology, and innovation on purpose to develop a joint proposal for long-term research programs in African arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, meetings that review the progress made on ecosystem management for the sustainable livelihoods in Africa, identification of priority areas, and the development and implementation of ecosystem programs for proper research and collaboration in African arid and semi-arid zones, have been proposed as strategic recommendations to enhance the global partnership for sustainable development. Furthermore, as the outcomes of the workshop, there are three steps proposed to handle African dryland climate changes, several aspects suggested to solve current dilemmas of the GGWI, and a series of actions recommended for G-DEP related activities in Africa.
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