Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Radiation Physics and Technology submitted time 2024-04-26
Abstract： Small-scale measurements of the radon exhalation rate using the flow-through and closed-loop methods were conducted on the surface of a uranium tailing pond to better understand the differences between the two methods.
An abnormal radon exhalation behavior was observed, leading to computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulations in which dynamic radon migration in a porous medium and accumulation chamber was considered.
Based on the in-situ experimental and numerical simulation results, variations in the radon exhalation rate subject to permeability, flow rate, and insertion depth were quantified and analyzed. The in-situ radon exhalation rates measured using the flow-through method were higher than those measured using the closed-loop method, which could be explained by the negative pressure difference between the inside and outside of the chamber during the measurements. The consistency of the variations in the radon exhalation rate between the experiments and simulations suggests the reliability of CFD-based techniques in obtaining the dynamic evolution of transient radon exhalation rates for diffusion and convection at the porous medium–air interface. The synergistic effects of the three factors (insertion depth, flow rate, and permeability) on the negative pressure difference and measured exhalation rate were quantified, and multivariate regression models were established, with positive correlations in most cases; the exhalation rate decreased with increasing insertion depth at a permeability of 1×10−11 m2. CFD-based simulations can provide theoretical guidance for improving the flow-through method and thus achieve accurate measurements
Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Radiation Physics and Technology submitted time 2024-04-26
Abstract： This paper presents a superhydrophobic melamine (ME) sponge (ME-g-PLMA) prepared via high-energy radiation induced in-situ covalent grafting long alkyl chain dodecyl methacrylate (LMA) onto the ME sponge for efficient oil-water separation. The obtained ME-g-PLMA sponge have the excellent pore structure with superhydrophobic (water contact angle is 154°) and super oleophilic properties, can absorb various types of oil up to 66-168 times of its own weight. The obtained ME-g-PLMA sponge can continuously separate oil slick on water by connecting the pump or separate oil under water with a gravity-driven device. The ME-g-PLMA sponge can also maintain its highly hydrophobic properties after long-term immersion in different corrosive solutions and repeated adsorption of oil for many times. The obtained modified ME-g-PLMA sponge has excellent separation properties and has great potential for oil spill cleanup.
Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Radiation Physics and Technology submitted time 2024-04-26
Abstract： BL02U2 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a surface diffraction beamline with a photon flux of 5.5 × 1012 photons/s at 10 keV and a beam size of 160×80 µm2 at the sample site. It is dedicated to studying surfaces (solid–vacuum, solid–gas) and interfaces (solid–solid, solid–liquid, and liquid–liquid) in nanoscience, condensed matter, and soft matter systems using various surface scattering techniques over an energy range of 4.8–28 keV with transmission and reflection modes. Moreover, BL02U2 has a high energy resolution, high angular resolution, and low beam divergence, which can provide excellent properties for X-ray diffraction experiments, such as grazing incident X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, crystal truncation rods, and liquid X-ray scattering. Diversity of in-situ environments can also be provided for the samples studied. This paper describes the setup of the new beamline and its applications in various fields.
Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Nuclear Detection Technology and Nuclear Electronics submitted time 2024-04-26
Abstract： [Background]: The High Energy Cosmic Radiation Detection Facility (HERD) is a flagship scientific instrument planned to be deployed on the Chinese Space Station, aiming to indirectly detect dark matter, accurately measure cosmic ray compositions, and conduct surveys of high-energy gamma-ray emissions. Among them, the silicon charge detector is one of the key components of HERD, used to measure the charges of cosmic rays ranging from hydrogen to nickel.[Purpose]: To validate and analyze the charge measurement capability of silicon charge detectors, a ground test system was designed for a prototype silicon charge detector beamline.[Methods]: The ground test system utilizes Xilinx's ZYNQ UltraScale+ MPSoC chip as the control chip, achieving functions including LVDS data reception, encoding and decoding, RS-422 control, and gigabit Ethernet data reception and storage. [Results]: The silicon charge detector beamline prototype participated in heavy ion beam experiments at the European Nuclear Research Center, with the ground test system collecting 100G of experimental data during the beamline experiments. [Conclusions]: The Ground Test system demonstrated good stability and reliability during the beam experiment, providing important technical support and data foundation for subsequent experiments of the HERD project's silicon charge detector.
Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Isotopic Technology submitted time 2024-04-26
Abstract： We proposed and compared three methods (filter burnup, single-energy burnup, and burnup extremum analysis) to build a high-resolution neutronics model for 238Pu production in high-flux reactors. The filter burnup and single-energy burnup methods have no theoretical approximation and can achieve a spectrum resolution of up to ~1 eV, thereby constructing the importance curve and yield curve of the full energy range. The burnup extreme analysis method combines the importance and yield curves to consider the influence of irradiation time on production efficiency, thereby constructing extreme curves. The three curves, which quantify the transmutation rate of the nuclei in each energy region, are of physical significance because they have similar distributions. A high-resolution neutronics model for 238Pu production was established based on these three curves, and its universality and feasibility were proven. The neutronics model can guide the neutron spectrum optimization and improve the yield of 238Pu by up to 18.81%. The neutronics model revealed the law of nuclei transmutation in all energy regions with high spectrum resolution, thus providing theoretical support for high-flux reactor design and irradiation production of 238Pu
Subjects: Nuclear Science and Technology >> Radiation Physics and Technology submitted time 2024-04-25
Abstract： A Laue microdiffraction beamline (BL03HB) was constructed at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). This beamline features two consecutive focusing points in two different sectors within its end station, the first dedicated to protein crystallography and the other tailored to materials science applications. Based on a superbend dipole magnet with a magnetic field of 2.29 T, a two-stage focusing design was implemented with two sets of Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors to achieve a micro white beam as small as 4.2×4.3 µm 2 at the first sector and 0.9×1.3 µm 2 at the second sector in the standard beamline operation mode at SSRF. The X-ray microbeam in the two sectors can be easily switched between monochromatic and white beams by moving a four-bounce monochromator in or out of the light path, respectively. In the protein crystallography sector, white-beam Laue microdiffraction was demonstrated to successfully determine the structure of protein crystals from only a few images of diffraction data collected by a Pilatus 2M area detector. In the materials science sector, the white-beam Laue diffraction was collected in a reflection geometry using another Pilatus 2M area detector, which could map the microstructural distribution on the sample surface by scanning the samples. In general, the BL03HB beamline promotes the application of Laue microdiffraction in both protein crystallography and materials science. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the BL03HB beamline, end station, and the first commission results.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Information Science submitted time 2024-04-24
Abstract： Abstract: Objective This paper reviews the relevant progress of semantic novelty research at home and abroad, and summarizes the relevant technologies to provide reference for the subsequent research. Coverage Using retrieval methods such as Novelty of the literature , semantic novelty , literature novelty , semantic novelty and literature evaluation , after reading and sorting, this paper traced the source of representative relevant theoretical researches, and finally selected 70 literatures for review. Methods This paper summarizes the relevant researches on semantic novelty at home and abroad, and analyzes the development status and future trend of semantic novelty evaluation in scientific and technological literature by focusing on the definition of novelty, evaluation indexes of novelty and different evaluation methods. Results Semantic novelty evaluation has gradually attracted widespread attention from the academic community. There have been related studies on semantic content mining and evaluation, but no unified measurement index has yet been formed. Limitations The existing literature novelty is mostly evaluated from external features, while the number of literatures directly focusing on semantic novelty is small, which has limitations in supporting the review. Conclusions The evaluation of semantic novelty of scientific and technological literature is based on the novelty of content. Quantitative research has become the mainstream research method, but the calculation method of evaluation index needs to be clarified, and the development direction of novelty evaluation should be combined with qualitative and quantitative methods to achieve a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-04-24 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Based on literature analysis， the paper systematically summarizes the development history， grouping and payment mode of the Home Health Prospective Payment System （HHPPS） in the United States. The Home Health Prospective Payment System has developed three versions since its establishment， and the grouping results are more refined and scientific，from the initial 80 home health resource groups to 432 home health resource groups. This method can effectively control expenses，but it requires a large amount of home health care data， scientific and complete expense settlement system and medical record management system. There are still some difficulties in the promotion and implementation in our country at this stage. Our country should learn from the Home Health Prospective Payment System of the American， establish a unified and standardized evaluation system， develop and improve the home medical service information collection system， promote the development of home care services in various aspects， and finally realize the establishment of a scientific and effective payment model， so as to enable the sustainable development of home care service.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-04-24 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Health co prosperity is the conceptual interpretation and application extension of the logic of common prosperity in the field of health. Building a digital collaborative health governance model between Chinese and Western medicine based on the advantages of digital reform is the "Zhejiang model" of health co prosperity and helps to achieve the goal of high quality full life cycle medical and health services. This article is based on the collection of relevant policies on the digital collaboration between Chinese and Western medicine during the construction of the Common Prosperity Demonstration Zone in China and Zhejiang Province. It elaborates on the definition and connotation of health co prosperity，and selects the digital Chinese and Western coordinated health governance model of provincial，grassroots platforms，and medical institutions in Zhejiang Province as a specific case to explain the theme and path of the system design logic，grassroots platform logic，and institutional service logic of health co prosperity，To provide reference and suggestions for the innovative construction and optimization of the collaborative health governance model between Chinese and Western medicine.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-04-24 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background At present，chronic non-communicable diseases have become the major diseases affecting people's health in China. Most of the studies on resource allocation for chronic disease prevention and control are status quo surveys or equity analyses，and there is a lack of representative indicators for evaluating the results. Objective To analyze the changes of the appropriateness of resource allocation for chronic disease prevention and control in Chongqing，and to explore its impact on the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control. Methods In accordance with the principle of " exhaustiveness "，this study systematically collected all the literature in the field of chronic diseases in Chongqing from 2010 to 2021 published on the websites of the government，the Health and Planning Commission and its related departments，as well as on open databases such as the CNKI and the Web of Science，and a quantitative analysis was made on the appropriateness of resource allocation for the prevention and control of chronic diseases. After the systematic collection of information，this study was respectively carried out from the four secondary indicators and thirteen tertiary indicators of the appropriateness of resource allocation for chronic disease prevention and control，which was derived from the quantitative standards previously constructed by the research group. The "five-point scale" method was used to semi-quantitatively score the severity of the problem （0 points indicate that there is no problem，5 points indicate that the problem is very serious） and the scores were further calculated to determine the appropriateness of resource allocation. Correlation analysis and linear regression were used to analyze the influence of the appropriateness of resource allocation on the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Results From 2010 to 2021， the appropriateness of resource allocation for chronic disease prevention and control in Chongqing has increased from 6.64% to 27.57%; the appropriateness of human resource allocation has increased from 36.49% to 46.59%，the appropriateness of financial resource allocation has increased from 41.06% to 50.28%，the appropriateness of material resource allocation has increased from 41.40% to 42.96%，and the appropriateness of information resource allocation has increased from 5.73% to 24.09%. Among them，the appropriateness of financial and material resource allocation is significantly negatively correlated with the premature mortality rate of chronic diseases in Chongqing，with correlation coefficients of -0.722 and -0.586，respectively. Conclusion The appropriateness of resources allocation for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in Chongqing has been increasing year by year，but it is still at a lower level in general，and the main reason restricting its development lies in the relatively low information resources allocation; it is important to expedite the enhancement of the appropriateness of resources allocation to cope with the rapid increase of the number of chronic disease cases.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-04-24 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease （CHD） is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide，and research on risk assessment for CHD has been growing annually. However，the issue of data imbalance in these studies is often overlooked，despite its crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of CHD risk identification within classification algorithms. Objective To investigate the factors influencing CHD and to establish predictive models for CHD risk using two data balancing methods based on five algorithms，comparing the predictive value of these models for CHD risk. Methods Utilizing cross-sectional survey data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System （BRFSS） in the United States，a cohort of 112，606 participants was identified，featuring 24 variables related to risk behaviors and health status，with self-reported coronary heart disease （CHD） as the outcome measure. Factors influencing the incidence of CHD were explored through univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression to select pertinent variables for inclusion in the predictive model. A random sample comprising 10% of the participants （11，261 individuals） was drawn and then randomly divided into training and testing datasets at an 8：2 ratio. To address data imbalance，two over-sampling techniques were employed：random oversampling and the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique （SMOTE）. Based on these methods，CHD predictive models were constructed using five different algorithms：K-Nearest Neighbors （KNN），Logistic Regression，Support Vector Machine （SVM）， Decision Tree，and XGBoost. Results Univariate analysis revealed significant differences （P<0.05） between the CHD and non-CHD groups across all input variables except for rental housing and being informed of prediabetic status. Stepwise logistic regression identified age，gender，BMI，ethnicity，education level，income level，being informed of hypertension，being informed of prehypertension，being informed of pregnancy-induced hypertension，current use of antihypertensive medication， being informed of hyperlipidemia，being informed of diabetes，smoking status，alcohol consumption within the last 30 days， heavy drinking status，and self-assessed health as factors influencing CHD. The performance of risk models using SMOTE showed overall classification accuracies of 59.2%，67.4%，66.2%，69.2%，and 85.9%；recall rates of 75.2%，71.4%，70.5%， 62.9%，and 34.8%；precision of 15.4%，18.2%，17.5%，17.6%，and 28.7%；F-values of 0.256，0.290，0.280，0.275， and 0.315；and AUC values of 0.80，0.78，0.72，0.72，and 0.82，respectively. Using random oversampling，the models achieved classification accuracies of 62.5%，68.5%，69.0%，60.2%，and 70.1%；recall rates of 70.0%，69.5%，71.9%， 69.0%，and 67.6%；precision of 15.8%，18.4%，19.1%，14.8%，and 19.0%；F-values of 0.258，0.291，0.302，0.244， and 0.297；and AUC values of 0.80，0.77，0.72，0.72，and 0.83，respectively. Conclusion This study not only confirmed known factors affecting CHD but also identified potential impacts of self-assessed health level，income level，and education level on CHD. The performance of the five algorithms was significantly enhanced after employing two data balancing methods. Among them，the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance and can be referenced for future optimization of CHD prediction models. Additionally，considering the excellent performance of the XGBoost model and the convenience and interpretability of stepwise logistic regression，a combined use of these approaches after data balancing is recommended in CHD risk prediction models.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： As a crucial component of cognitive function, mathematical ability plays an essential role in an individual’s future development. Previous studies have highlighted significant differences in this ability between children from high and low family socioeconomic backgrounds. Executive functioning are the most reliable factor in explaining this disparity. However, fundamental questions remain about the mediating role of executive functioning in this relationship: (1) The role of specific subcomponents of executive functioning in their relationship. (2) The differences in the impact of socioeconomic status on various mathematical abilities through these executive functioning subcomponents. (3) The variations in the role of executive functioning in the relationship between socioeconomic status and both current and future mathematical abilities. Accordingly, our study explored the impact of socioeconomic status on the second and third graders’ mathematical operations, logical reasoning, and spatial imagination abilities, as well as the mediation role of interference inhibition, response inhibition, and working memory. A total of 185 second-grade students were followed for 20 months in two assessments. At the beginning of second grade, children were assessed on their working memory through forward and backward digit span tasks; their interference inhibition was assessed with the Stroop task; and their response inhibition was assessed via the Go/No-go task. Children’s socioeconomic status was assessed using their parents’ educational levels, occupational status, and Family Affluence Scale. The Chinese Rating Scale of Pupil’s Mathematics Abilities, which included subtests for addition, subtraction, number sequence, length estimation, and cube counting, was utilized to assess the children’s mathematical calculation, logical thinking, and spatial imagination abilities. We explored the main effects of socioeconomic status on children’s current and future mathematical abilities using structural equation modeling and simultaneously developed multiple mediation models to investigate how executive functioning components mediate these relationships. The results indicated that the three types of mathematical abilities in second graders showed significant improvement over the 20-month period; socioeconomic status in the second grade directly predicted mathematical abilities at the same grade level; and socioeconomic status could indirectly predict mathematical calculation abilities in the second grade and logical thinking abilities in the third grade through the mediating role of working memory. It is concluded that the present study extends previous research that has explored the mediation role of executive functioning between socioeconomic status and mathematical ability, demonstrating that working memory is a crucial cognitive factor that contributes to the explanation of this mechanism. It provides a scientific basis for educational and research professionals to develop interventions aimed at enhancing the mathematical abilities of children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： With the rapid development of economy and society, human beings have put forward higher requirements for the living environment. Environmental conditions are closely related to human psychological activities,have a direct impact on human physical and mental health and economic benefits by intervening in human physical and mental health and economic benefits. Environmental psychology is committed to studying the relationship between environment and human system, exploring the law between people’s thinking, behavior and emotion and environmental materials in different social cultures and environments, and reveals the relationship between human activities and their surrounding environment, so as to seek a sustainable model of mutual adaptation to human and the environment. In order to explore the development of environmental psychology This paper puts to use CNKI database as the research object, uses CiteSpace bibliometry to objectively analyze the relevant literature of environmental psychology, and discusses the research status, research popular projects and development trend of environmental psychology. The results show that: 1) environmental psychology will continue to develop in the direction of people-oriented and steadily embark on the road of humanization, emotional value and spiritual experience; 2) the relevant theories and methods of environmental psychology will be applied to landscape design to optimize environmental quality and promote the coordinated development between people and environment; 3) environmental psychology examines people’s psychological quality and psychological problems under different social environment conditions, which can provide a reference value for improving ideological education and maintaining mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： ChatGPT has emerged as a key technology shaping daily life and influencing future developments. The younger generation perceives and understands this representative AI product reflects their technological outlook, which will directly impact the future technological landscape in our country. This study utilizes the Weibo platform to access online discourse related to ChatGPT, analyzing the contemporary youth’s technological perspectives and underlying development views from the dimensions of language, emotion, and theme. The research reveals that young individuals tend to scrutinize ChatGPT from a practical and utilitarian perspective, maintaining an optimistic and reflective stance towards its development and application. They actively deconstruct technological logic for knowledge transformation, emphasizing the enhancement of individual capabilities through human-technology interaction while also considering the economic utility of technology. Faced with technological challenges and international disputes, the youth are both vigilant and hopeful for their country’s technological rise. As both practitioners and future leaders in technology, the younger generation plays a crucial role. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the current technological perspectives of the youth and provide valuable insights and recommendations for future technological innovation and youth education.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Software submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： We propose a method to guide Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating structured content adhering to specific conventions without fine-tuning. By utilizing coroutine-based content generation constraints through a pre-agreed context-free grammar (CFG), LLMs are directed during decoding to produce formal language compliant outputs. This enhances stability and consistency in generating target data structures, types, or instructions, reducing application development complexities. Experimentally, error rates of GPT-2 and Gemma exceed 95% for DSLs longer than 36 and 282 tokens, respectively. We introduce YieldLang, a coroutine-based DSL generation framework, and evaluate it with LLMs on various tasks including JSON and Mermaid flowchart generation. Compared to benchmarks, our approach improves accuracy by 1.09 to 11.6 times, with LLMs requiring only about 16.5% of the samples to generate JSON effectively. This enhances usability of LLM-generated content for computer programs.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： There has always been little doubt about the issue of Jiaoran’s birth year. Scholar Jia Jinhua interpreted the expression An Zhi 70 Years, One Dynasty Worth Zongbo in To Li Zhongcheng Hong as Jiaoran claiming to be 70 years old, and the writing time of this poem can be verified to be the fifth year of Zhenyuan. Therefore, Jiaoran’s birth year is determined to be 720 AD. Jia Jinhua: Jiaoran Chronology , Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 1992, p. 9 . In addition, the preface to the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Fu Xuancong and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Fu Xuancong and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the Annotations on Poetry Style by Li Zhuangying and the People’s Literature Publishing House in Beijing, 2003, page 1. Both of these sentences are interpreted as implying that Jiao Ran claimed to be seventy years old and met Li Hong. This problem seems to have been resolved, and Jiao Ran. However, in recent years, scholar Zhang Peifeng has pointed out in an article that scholars have misunderstood the poetic meaning of the poem by interpreting the couplet An Zhi 70 years, one dynasty is worth Zong Bo as a statement by Jiao Ran, which is due to the failure to fully examine the entire poem. Zhang Peifeng: New Evidence of the Birth Year of Tang Dynasty Poet Monk Jiao Ran , Knowledge of Classical Literature , 2022, Issue 1, pp. 26-32 . Zhang Peifeng divided the poem Presenting to Li Zhongcheng Hong into two parts based on the interpretation of the literary meaning, with the first part being a poem gifted by Jiao Ran from deep and profound understanding of the outside world to how a gentleman’s emotions are like , and the latter part being a poem answered by Li Hong from Yi Xi’s avoidance of troubles to Hu Wei’s self purification . Therefore, the Anzhi Seventy Years couplet does not originate from Jiao Ran’s self Chen, but from Li Hong’s answer, and cannot be used as a basis for judging Jiao Ran’s birth year.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Electron Technology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology Subjects: Physics >> Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： In this work, we design and fabricate the transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) following the design mentioned in Ref. cite{Liang2024}. In the TIA, the preamplifier (Pre-Amp) is made of a junction field effect transistor (JFET) that can work at 77 K. The post-amplifier is made of an operational amplifier (OPA). Cascade Pre-Amp and Post-Amp to form the inverting-amplifier (Inv-Amp). The gain-bandwidth product of Inv-Amp with the gain about 50,000 is higher than 10 GHz. With a 1.13 Gohm feedback network, the gain of TIA is 1.13 Gohm and its bandwidth is about 97 kHz. The equivalent input noise voltage power spectral density of TIA is not more than 9 (nV)2/Hz at 10 kHz and 4 (nV)2/Hz at 50kHz, and its equivalent input noise current power spectral density is about 26 (fA)2/Hz at 10 kHz and 240(fA)2/Hz at 50 kHz. The measured transport performances and noise performances of TIA are consistent with the simulations and calculations, verifying the feasibility for the design of low-noise large-bandwidth TIA proposed in Ref. 1 . And, TIA with various performances that meet various needs can be designed according to the design methods in Ref. 1,2 . With the same gain, the bandwidth of the TIA in this work is much larger than the present TIA and its noises are much lower than those of present ones. The TIA in this work is perfect for the cryogenic STM working at 77 K (i.e. liquid nitrogen temperature).
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Computer Science >> Information Security Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： Image steganography has become a focal point of interest for researchers due to its capacity for the covert transmission of sensitive data. Traditional diffusion models often struggle with image steganography tasks involving paired data, as their core principle of gradually removing noise is not directly suited for maintaining the correspondence between carrier and secret information. To address this challenge, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the principles behind diffusion models and proposes a novel framework for an image steganography diffusion model. The study begins by mathematically representing the steganography tasks of paired images, introducing two optimization objectives: minimizing the secrecy leakage function and embedding distortion function. Subsequently, it identifies three key issues that need to be addressed in paired image steganography tasks and, through specific constraint mechanisms and optimization strategies, enables the diffusion model to effectively handle paired data. This enhances the quality of the generated stego-images and resolves issues such as image clarity. Finally, on public datasets like CelebA, the proposed model is compared with existing generation model-based image steganography techniques, analyzing its implementation effects and performance parameters. Experimental results indicate that, compared to current technologies, the model framework proposed in this study not only improves image quality but also achieves significant enhancements in multiple performance metrics, including the imperceptibility and anti-detection capabilities of the images. Specifically, the PSNR of its stego-images reaches 93.14dB, and the extracted images’ PSNR reaches 91.23dB, an approximate improvement of 30% over existing technologies; the attack success rate is reduced to 2.4x10-38. These experimental outcomes validate the efficacy and superiority of the method in image steganography tasks.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： Prosocial behavior is suggested to be a central feature of human life and there is an ongoing debate regarding whether individuals have, therefore, developed a general intuitive tendency to act prosocially or not. Although previous studies have found various indicators of intuitive prosociality from different perspectives, evidence on the potential causal relationship between processing mods and prosocial behavior is mixed. The social heuristics hypothesis (SHH), as a theoretical framework to address this conflicting issue, suggests that associations between processing mode and prosocial behavior are complex and multifaceted, influenced by individual variability and the contexts in which it occurs. A previous study has revealed that intuitive prosocial behavior is more likely to emerge in a perceived emergency that require immediate response. We expected that processing mode (intuition vs. deliberation) will impact people’s decision-making in different helping situations.
The study focused on charitable giving. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of processing mode and emergency on helping behaviors. We explored whether a neural signature that rapidly encodes the motivational salience of an event, the P3, can be regulated by processing mode × situation interaction or not. Participants were required to allocate varying amounts of money between themselves and charities they initially labelled as emergency or non-emergency situation that promoted intuitive or deliberative decision making. Each participant received 70 CNY. An instruction on the screen explained that the task required participants to “Accept” or “Reject” donation offers affecting their 70 CNY. To manipulate processing mode, each participant completed fast donation sessions where they were instructed to make decisions as fast as possible, and slow donation sessions where they were instructed to stop and reflect for at least 5 seconds before deciding. EEG signals were recorded during decision making.
The behavioral results indicated that both average contributions and average acceptance rates were affected by emergency, with emergency events eliciting more helping behavior compared to non-emergency events. Moreover, participants considered the offer costliness when making decisions. In emergency situations, participants were more likely to accept high-cost offers than in the non-emergency situations. The ERP components analysis revealed that: a) In the early stages, intuitive processing induced a more negative anterior N1 (AN1) compared to deliberative processing; b) Deliberative processing was associated with a more positive P2 compared to intuitive processing; c) In non-emergency situations, deliberative processing induced a more positive P3 compared to intuitive processing, whereas no significant differences were observed between processing mode in emergency situations.
These results suggest that prosocial behavior is affected by both the emergency of event and the costliness of the offer. As costs increase, individuals are more inclined to help in emergency situations than in non-emergency situations. Furthermore, processing mode affects individual’s early attention and the evaluation of stimuli. Stimuli in intuition condition can capture more early attention, while stimuli in deliberation condition receive more thorough processing. Notably, deliberative processing of non-emergency events involves greater decision-making conflicts and consumes more psychological resources. Overall, these findings shed light on the connection between processing mode and human prosociality, and extend our understanding of the social heuristics hypothesis.
Subjects: Physics >> Condensed Matter: Structural, Mechanical and Thermal Properties submitted time 2024-04-22
Abstract： Electron-diffraction patterns with 5-fold rotational symmetry of experimental alloy phases are assumed to be produced by periodic structures. A three-dimensional periodic structures is presented based on two kind polyhedrons. These structures can be used as an atomic model to describe the alloy phases. The Fourier-transform patterns of the models are found to be similar to the corresponding electron-diffraction patterns of these alloy phases along three “symmetry directions”. Details of the motivations and approaches that lead to these models are discussed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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